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Quarter 1
Anatomy Midterm
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Anatomy | Study of the structure of the Body |
Physiology | study of the function of the body |
Gross anatomy | study of the body with the naked eye |
microscopic anatomy | requires the use of a microscope |
cytology | study of cells |
histology | study of tissues |
systematic | all organs with related functions studied together |
regional | all structures in a single region are studied regardless of function |
pathological | deal with the structure changes in cells, tissues, and organs, caused by disease |
topographical | study of shapes and marking called landmarks on the surface of the body |
superior | toward the head or upper part of the structure |
inferior | away from the head end or towards the lower part of the structure |
anterior | toward or at the front of the body |
posterior | toward or at the back end of the body |
medial | toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side |
lateral | away from the midline, outer sides of the body |
intermediate | between a more medial and lateral structure |
proximal | closer to the origin of the body part |
distal | further from the origin of the body part |
superficial | surface of the body |
deep | internal, away from the surface |
frontal | divides the body into anterior and posterior sides |
transverse | horizontally divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
sagittal | divides the body into right and left parts vertically |
midsagittal | vertically right down the middle (median) |
axial region | head, neck, and trunk |
trunk | thorax, abdomen, pelvic |
ventral body cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity peritoneal cavity |
thoracic cavity | pleural cavity (lungs) mediastinum (heart) pericardial (surrounds the heart) |
abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal (digestive organs) pelvic (bladder reproductive organs) peritoneal cavity ( |
dorsal | body cavity where spinal column and skull are located |
cranial | brain |
vertebral | spinal chord |
pericardial cavity | cavity that surrounds the heart |
pleural cavity | cavity that surrounds the lung |
peritoneal cavity | surrounds organs in the abdominalpelvic region |
parietal serosa | outer wall of the cavity (parietal pluerae) (parietal pericardium) (parietal peritoneum) |
visceral serosa | serous membrane located directly on the visceral organ |
serous fluid | protective fluid used for lubrication between visceral and parietal serosa |
9 abdominal regions | (right left hypochondriac) epigastric (right and left lumbar) umbilical (right and left illiac) hypogastric |
4 abdominal quadrants | upper left and right lower left and right |
what divides the two ventral cavities | diaphragm |
two parts of the thoracic cavity | mediastinum (contains pericardium) and pleura |
outer wall of a serous cavity | parietal serosa |
inner wall of a serous cavity | visceral serosa |
biological catalysts | enzymes |
mechanism by which particles enter a cell | endocytosis |
primary nonspecific defense mechanism of the host, an example of endocytosis | phagocytosis |
mechanism that moves substances out of the cell | exocytosis |
site of protein synthesis | ribosomes |
network within the cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum |
cell membrane factory | rough ER |
stores ionic calcium in the cell | rough ER |
site of lipid metabolism in the cell | smooth ER |
post office of the cell | golgi apparatus |
powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria |
membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
cell skeleton | cytoskeleton |
control center of the cell | nucleus |
tissue responsible for covering and lining | epithelial tissue |
tissue responsible for support | connective tissue |
tissue responsible for movement | muscle tissue |
tissue responsible for control/communication | nervous tissue |
one layer of cells in epithelial tissue | simple |
more than one layer of cells in epithelial tissue | stratified |
cells wider than tall, plate-like | squamous |
cells as wide as they are tall | cuboidal |
cells that are taller than they are wide | columnar |
ducts that carry products to an epithelial surface or into a body cavity | exocrine gland |
ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream | endocrine gland |
organ that functions for both exocrine and endocrine | pancreas |
most diverse and abundant tissue | connective tissue |
4 types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood |
three types of membranes that combine epithelial and connective tissue | 1) cutaneous membrane, 2) mucous membrane, 3) serous membrane |
striated and voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle |
striated and involuntary muscle tissue | cardiac muscle |
non-striated and involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle |
two layers of skin | epidermis, dermis |
layer of skin classified as stratified squamous epithelial tissue | epidermis |
layer of skin classified as connective tissue | dermis |
lies deep to the skin and is not considered part of the skin | hypodermis |
most abundant cell type in the epidermis, produces keratin | keratinocytes |
epidermal cell type which produces a dark skin pigment | melanocytes |
epidermal cell type associated with a sensory nerve ending, receptor for touch | merkel cells |
epidermal cell type that uses endocytosis to take up antigens, immune system | langerhans cells |
superficial layer of the dermis | papillary layer |
papillary layer of dermis composed of ______ connective tissue | areolar |
deep layer of the dermis | reticular layer |
reticular layer of dermis composed of _______ connective tissue | dense irregular |
is dermis vascularized? | yes |
two names for hypodermis | superficial fascia, subcutaneous layer |
two tissue types in hypodermis | areolar and adipose connective tissue |
flexible strand of dead hard keratin | hair |
two parts of a hair | root, shaft |
sebaceous glands occur everywhere on the body except | palms and soles |
sebaceous glands secrete | sebum |
another name for sweat gland | sudoriferous gland |
true sweat is | 99% water, some NaCl and metabolic wastes |
sweat gland that produces true sweat | eccrine gland |
larger of the sweat glands, produce sweat with fatty substances and proteins | apocrine gland |
scale-like modification of epidermis, made of hard keratin | nails |
Appendicular region | 4 limbs |
cervical | neck |
acromial | point of shoulder |
antecubital | front of elbow |
antibrachial | forearm |
pollex | thumb |
patellar | front of knee |
tarsal | ankle |
orbital | eye |
buccal | cheek |
mental | chin |
sternal | breastbone |
thoracic | chest |
umbilical | naval |
inguinal | groin |
femoral | thigh |
hallux | big toe |
olecranal | back of elbow |
sacral | between hips |
popliteal | heel |
plantar | sole of foot |
three organs found in mediastinum | heart, trachea, esophagus |