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Test 2 Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Punnett Square | Short hand way of determining the # of kinds of offspring that a particular pair of parents can produce |
| Monohybrid | 1 pair of chromosomes P & p |
| Dihybrid | RrYy & RrYy |
| Evolution | genetic change in population over long periods of time (3.7 billion) |
| 1st living thing | anarobic (without oxygen) |
| anarobic bacteria | single-elled, cell wall peptido glycam, no nuclous, golgi body or internal orgenelles except for ribosomes and 1 chromosome |
| Order of living things- first 5 | anarobic, prokarote bacterium eukaryotic multicellular life forms ( starfish & segmented worms) |
| Mutation | Physical change/alteration of sturcture of chomosome/gene; bases for genetic chang, usually equals a worse gene than origional |
| Evolutation is based off of | large population, short life spans, * mutations |
| Hardy-Weinberg pronciple | in large population where mating is random & there is no outside force (Nat'l selection) & geotypic frequencies will remain the same from 1 generation to the next |
| If the frequency of allels stay the same...evolution? | No evolution |
| Natrual selection | the process where by organisms with favorable genotypes are more likely to find a mate, more likely to reproduce, and more likely to get their genes to the next generation |
| biosystemtimics | study of any and all kinds of relationships between organisms |
| phylogenetic tree | process by which you construct "evolution trees;" represent hypothosis that are developed from a particular character analysis; branching diagram that represents a branch network of relationships |
| terminal branches | living species (OT)-operational taxonomic species |
| nonterminal branches | hypathetical species (HTUS) |
| plesiomorphic/plesiotype | older |
| apomorphic/apotype | younger |
| mimi virus | largest virus, huge genome, uses genes to translate proteins like a eukaryote; translates mRNA as template for construction of protein; can repair DNA & produce polysaccrides |
| monophyletic group | group of taxis/species that ALL share the SAME/MOST RECENT common ancestor |
| virus | (genomic); small, crystalize; genome (small) & outer-coating (capsid); DNA & RNA viruses are single stranded; |
| retro viruses | RNA TO DNA (opposite of us) |
| enzymes are always created by... | host cells |
| 2 virus like particles | Viridos & prions |
| Viridos | circular fragments of RNA, primarily affect points, cause agriculture problems i.e.: cadancadon: kills palm trees |
| prions | infectious proteins; misfolded brain proteins, when one misfolded they all do, takes up to 10 years for symptoms to occur; undestuctable i.e: mad cow diesase. |
| prokaryotes | no internal-bound orgenelles inside ( no mitichondria, etc.); had ribosomes (free floating) and single strand id DNA (simple-in shape of circle); small, most have peptido glycam in cell wall |
| Eykaryotes | big (10x larger than pro); HAS internal bound organelles (mostly); NO cell wall made of peptido glycam (animals: no cell wall; plants: mad of cellious) |
| baterial shapes | spherical (coci), Rod-shaped ( bacilli) and spiral (spirokeets) |
| exotoxins | secreted toxins |
| endotoxins | created inside; released when bacteria dies |
| domains - phylogeny | Domain bacteria, archara, & eukarya |
| Domain Bacteria | Eubacteria; prokaryote |
| Doman Archaea | Archaebacteria; prokaryote |
| Domain Eukarya | animals. plants, protists, fungi; Eukaryotes |
| Domain Bacteria's groups | Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Sprirochetes, Cyanobacteria, & Gram-positive bacteria. |
| Proteobacteria | Gram negative; i.e.: salmonila, e-coli, helicobacter (causes ulcers) |
| Chlamydias | can only survive ina animal cells; obligate; cannot produce atp & lck peptidoglycam; i.e: chlamydia (#1 cause for blindness) |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic, where cytoplasm comes from in plants |
| Gram-positive bacteria | i.e: terberculosis, leprocy, microplasms (smallest bacteria known - causes walking namonia) |
| Spirochetes | causes syphalise, lyme disease |
| Domain Archaea characteristica | live in boiling water; extreme habitats, SMALLEST bacteria is archaea |
| hierarchy | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Protista Kingdoms | Prokartotes (had cell wall) & photosynthetic protists |
| Laterial Gene transfer (2 steps) | 1) transfer of genes from mitocondria ancestor to ancestor of Eukaryotes 2) transfer from chloroplast ancestor to ancestor green plants |
| Protista Characteristics | composed of algae; occurs in colonies; largest protiston in world is kelp (fast growing organism); |
| Protoctistm | single-celled & almost multicellular algae |
| endosymbiosis | inclusion/ingulfment of one cell by another (ingested by host cell) |
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