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ISB Module 2
Evolution; Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Charles Darwin's contribution to the theory of Evolution. | -Abundant Variation in traits -Traits are inherited -selection for traits that lead to differential survival (differential reproduction) -the earth is very old, giving time for evolution to occur -living things are descended from extinct forms known |
| Describe the contribution of philosophers and scientists to the worldview at the time of Darwin | -Cuvier was an early paleontologist who believed that species do not change. He observed species come and go in the fossil record, and he said these changes were due to catastrophes -Aristotle:Ignored variation, considered it imperfection;Scala Naturae |
| Describe the contribution of philosophers and scientists to the worldview at the time of Darwin | Lamarck was a zoologist who hypothesized that evolution and adaption to the environment do occur. He suggested that acquired characteristics could be inherited |
| list 3 early observations that contributed to his theory and describe each | Variation, Species and Time, & Bio geography |
| identify 2 scientists who had major influence on Darwin as he developed his theory and describe their influences | -Charles Lyell: "Principles of Geology"; Uniformitarianism; Earth Older than 6000 years -Thomas Malthus:the earth's population |
| What were some of Darwin's Early hypothesis'? | • Abundant variation • Some “types” have traits that give them an advantage • Variation has something to do with inheritance • New species evolve from common ancestors. • Life as a tree, not as a ladder! • Occurs over long periods of time |
| List Darwin's 3 Challenges he had to overcome to gain acceptance of his theory. | 1. Species Change 2. The Earth is very Old 3. Life Shares a Common Ancestor |
| What were Darwin's' two "Big Ideas"? | 1. Tree of Life 2. Natural Selection: a population better adapted to its environment than previous generations |
| Summarize the overview of Darwin's Theory | 1. Abundant variation in traits 2. Traits are inherited 3. Selection for traits that lead to differential survival |
| Identify Variation, Selection, and Time as a fuel for evolutionary change | -Abundant Variation in traits -Selection against unfavorable traits -Changes in frequency of traits over time -Natural selection can only act on what it is given. . .that is abundant variation. . .but variation needs to be heritable. |
| Mutation is the source of new variation necessary for natural selection to work. | |
| Summarize 2 examples of how mutation creates variation | 1.Spots on Wing of Fly 2. Coat color of Mice -Evolution=variation + selection + time |
| Artificial Selection and Natural Selection are all the same principle | -Artificial Selection by breeders can produce major changes in body form -Natural Selection will also lead to major changes over time |
| Identify the top deadly emerging and neglected tropical diseases of the developing world. | -HIV/AIDS -Malaria -Neglected Tropical Disease: Taeniasis, Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Schistosomiasis |
| What is a disease? | an abnormality w/: -recognizable signs -recognizable symptoms -laboratory findings (tests) -typical pathophysical sequence (progress) |
| What is an emerging disease? | a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range |
| What is a neglected disease? | disease affecting 1 billion people, 1/3 the global population, in exclusively impoverished nations so they are overlooked |
| what is an infectious disease? | diseases caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites that spread, directly or indirectly, from one organism to another |
| what is a pathogen? | any disease causing microorganism or agent |
| what is a zoonotic disease? | infectious disease of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans |
| Diagram the pathway of transmission of a zoonotic disease | -Bacteria -> Tuberculosis -Virus -> HIV/AIDS -Parasite -> Malaria |
| List the 4 laws of nature that create an inevitable process of natural selection that modifies organisms over time. | 1. Individual vary 2.The differences are inherited 3MAny more individuals are produced than survive and reproduce 4. Favorable variants will leave more offspring |
| Define a virus as an obligate intracellular parasite. | infectious agents that can reproduce only inside another cell by using a cells structures and processes; obligate intracellular parasites. Viruses infect animals, plants, and bacteria. |
| Label the steps in lysogenic and lytic cycles of virus reproduction | -Lytic Cycle 1.Attachment 2. Penetration 3.Bio synthesis 4.Maturation 5.Release -Lysogenic Cycle Penetration -> Integration -(cloning of viral DNA)->phorage -> Bio synthesis |
| Explain the association between the lysogenic cycle and disease symptoms/dormancy | -Viral genome gets incorporated into host's genome -can lie in dormancy for short or long periods of time -enters into bio synthesis when activated |
| Define a parasite | an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from which it benefits |
| What is a Micro parasite? | -cannot be seen w/ naked eye -usually transmitted w/ intermediate host -ex: bacteria and viruses |
| hat is a Macro Parasite? | -can be seen w/ the naked eye -usually transmitted w/ intermediate host -different life stages in different hosts -ex: mites, ticks, helminths (worms), etc. |
| Identify on the tree of life (classification system) where human parasite pathogens are from. | Bacteria -> Micro parasite Eukarya -> Macro parasite |
| List cultural practices that affect the transmission of taeniasis | -undercooked pork -pork valued protein source -livestock reared near humans -poor sanitation = transmission between pigs and people |
| Leishmaniasis | Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as Kala azar, is characterized by -high fever -substantial weight loss -swelling of the spleen and liver -anamenia -untreated, the disease can have a fatality rate as high as 100% within two years |
| Trypanosomiasis | "Blood phase" characterized by -fever -headaches -joint pains -itching -anemia "Neurological phase" -confusion -reduced coordination -disrupted sleep cycle -fatigue followed by mania-daytime slumber, night-time insomnia |
| Recall that living cells take DNA, convert it to RNA, and then translate the RNA into proteins | DNA-(transcription)-> mRNA -(translation)-> protein 1. synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus 2.movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore 3. synthesis of protein |
| Recall that retroviruses carry RNA that must be converted to DNA before the cell's protein synthesis machinery create viral proteins. | Viral RNA -(reverse transcription)-> DNA -(transcription)-> mRNA -(translation)-> protein RNA is converted to DNA by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This process is called reverse transcription. The virus carries its own reverse transcriptase enz |
| describe how a virus, such as HIV, enters into immune system | 1.attachment 2.fusion 3. uncoating 4. reverse transcription 5. replication 6. integration 7. bio synthesis 8. maturation 9. release |
| discriminate between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of HIV and what is happening in each of these cycles. | Lysogenic Cycle (macrophage) -RNA and DNA is integrated into host genome -bio synthesis progresses -w/o cell death -dormancy Lytic cycle (T-cells) -RNA to DNA is integrated into host genome -bio synthesis progresses -w/ cell death (lysis) |
Created by:
madiso17
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