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Medicine from Milk
Human Bio Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Protein? | A macromolecule made up of repeating subunits known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. |
| What are the functions of Proteins? | 1. they allow our muscles to contract 2. give our hair and skin its texture 3. facilitate thousands of chemical reactions in our cells |
| How are genes expressed? | When the cell uses the DNA instructions to make proteins. |
| What do chromosomes consist of? | Many genes along their length. |
| Genotype | An organism is the genetic make-up of that organism |
| Phenotype | The physical attributes of the organism, including observable and non-observable traits. |
| What are antithrombins? | Proteins that help prevent blood clots (thrombosis) |
| What does it mean if people inherit antithrombin deficiency? | It means that both of their copies of the antithrombin gene are defective. |
| What are alleles? | They are alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences. |
| What are the two parts that genes of how genes can be organized? | 1. regulatory sequences determine when and how much protein a gene makes 2.Coding sequences determine the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein |
| What is gene therapy? | A type of treatment that aims to cure disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones. |
| What is the first step of making a transgenic goat? | Create a hybrid gene; goat regulatory sequence and human antithrombin coding sequences are cut out of donor cell chromosomes and joined together using special enzymes. |
| What is the second step of making a transgenic goat? | Microinjection and embryo transfer |
| What is the third step of making a transgenic goat? | purify antithrombin from transgenic milk. |
| Two main steps of gene expression | Transcription and Translation |
| Transcription occurs where in eukaryotic cells? prokaryotic cells? | E= nucleus P= cytoplasm |
| Translation occurs where? | Ribosomes: are the cellular machinery used for protein synthesis |
| Transcription | The first stage of gene expression Copies the coding sequence of DNA into the complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. |
| Translation | the second stage of gene expression Uses the mRNA sequence to assemble the appropriate amino acid sequence of the protein |
| Transgenic | Refers to an organism that carries one or more genes from a different species |
| Gene | A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein |
| Coding Sequence | The part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Coding sequences determine the identity, shape, and function of protein. |
| mRNA | The RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription |
| RNA Polymerase | The enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA |
| Codon | A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid. |
| Transfer RNA | A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation |
| Anticodon | the part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon. |
| Genetic Code | The particular amino acids specified by particular mRNA codons. |
Created by:
sbarne12
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