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biomed integumentary
biomed chapter 6 integumentary system flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Appendages of skin | hair, nails and glands |
| Skin is the ____ membrane | cutaneous |
| Epidermis is derived from the | ectodermal germ layer of embryo |
| Dermal-epidermal junction | where epidermis meets the connective tissue of the dermis |
| Subcutaneous layer | below dermis, fat and areolar tissue, called hypodermis or superficial fascia, density determines movement ability |
| Cleavage plane | during dissection the separation of the superficial fascia and the underlying tissues |
| Thick skin covers | soles of feet, palms of hands, etc. |
| Fingerprints formed from | raised dermal papillae |
| Strata layers present in thick skin | all five, no hair |
| Keratinocytes | become filled with keratin |
| Melanocytes | contribute color to the skin and decrease amount of UV penetration |
| Langerhans cells | immunological reactions, originate in marrow, function with Helper T cells to trigger immune reactions |
| Strata layers | stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| stratum corneum | most superficial layer. keratinized squamous. held together with desmosomes |
| Keratinization | cells in deeper layer of epidermis are filled with keratin an dthen move upward |
| Stratum corneum is also called | the barrier layer because it is a barrier for water loss. Once damaged its effectiveness is reduced |
| Hyperkeratosis | thickens stratum corneum making skin dry and inelastic |
| Stratum lucidum is also known as the | clear layer |
| Stratum lucidum | closely packet clear keratinocytes. Absent nuclei. Rich in protein-bound lipids which block water penetration or loss |
| Stratum lucidum is filled with | eleidin which is gel-like and will eventually turn to keratin |
| Stratum granulosum is also called | granular layer |
| Stratum granulosum | process of keratinization begins here, cells arranged in sheets filled with staining granulues called keratohyalin, increased lysomal enzymes because cells have started to degenerate, some stratum may be missing |
| Staining granules are also called | keratohyalin, required for keratin mormation |
| Stratum spinosum is also called | the spiny layer |
| Stratum spinosum | 8-10 layers of irregular shaped cells, prominent desmosomes which give the cells a spiky look |
| Stratum spinosum is rich in | RNA, good for protein synthesis required for keratin production |
| Stratum basale is also called | base layer |
| Stratum basale | singer layer of columnar, only cells in deepest part of this do mitosis |
| Stratum basale and spinosum together=? | stratum germinativum |
| Wrinkly skin is formed when | dead cells in corneum absorb water, but base layer is the same size so wrinkles form to accomdate the increase in surface area |
| Blisters | epidermis separates form the dermal-epidermal junction |
| Turnover/regeneration time | time for a population of cells to mature and reproduce |
| Desquamate | when skin cells fall away |
| Days in 1 skin cycle | 35, accelerated by abrasion |
| Calluses | thick stratum corneum from long friction periods |
| % that does mitosis every day | 10-12% |
| Epidermal proliferating unit | the cells that migrate up in vertical columns fromt eh basal cells, made of base layer and columns |
| Neoplasms | abnormal growths |
| Cancer of skin | basal or squamous cell carcinoma, don’t metasticize (spread), also malignant melanoma |
| Dermal-epidermal junction | basement membrane and polysaccharide gel that cements dermis and epidermis,c rates a barrier |
| Dermis is also called the | corium, or true skin |
| Dermis | thin papillary and thicker reticular layers, thinnest on eylids, thickest on soles and palms, reservoir for water and electrolytes, strength of skin |
| What is located in dermis | somatic sensory receptors, vascular system, hair, glands,m uscles |
| Where is dermis thicker | dorsal is thicker than ventral area and appendages |
| Papillary lyer of dermis | dermil papillae, forms bumps and extends to epidermis, loose connective tissue, finger prints, how we grip things |
| Reticular layer | dernser and tough with collagen fibers, reticulum, what leather is, where muscle connects to, like in face |
| Arrector pili muscles | make hair stand up, in reticular layer |
| Dermis does not | shed and regenerate, only when injured, facilitated by fibroblasts |
| Langer’s cleavage liens | pattern of dermis is different at every part of the body, cutting || will help to prevent tearing |
| Where is melanin located | epidermis, basale layer |
| Melanocytes can | convert tyrosine to melanin pigment, regulated by tyrosinase |
| Albinism | can’t form melanin |
| Carotene | yellow pigment |
| With an increased age | decrease in tyrosine activity |
| Cause an increase in melanocyte’s synthesis of melanin | sunlight or ACTH which is produced in the pituitary |
| Modifies skin color | volume of blood in capillaries and g of un-oxygenated hemoglobin/100mL blood |
| Cyanotic | bluish color, not enough oxygen |
| Skin synthesizes | vitamin D |
| Surface film | thin film of emulsified material over surfaces, residue and secretions from sebaceous glands and epithelial cells |
| Functions of surface film | blockade of toxins, buffering of caustic irritants, hydration of skin surface, lburicaiton, antibacterial and antifungal |
| Composition of surface film | amino acids, fatty acids, waxes, water, sweat |
| Skin allows | movement, supple and elastic |
| Skin regulates amount of wastes and fluids in body through | excretion |
| Process to make vitamin D | 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to cholecalciferol in skin, and then in the kidneys it is converted to vitamin D, which is a hormone |
| Skin helps regulate | body temp |
| Radiation | transfer of heat without contact |
| Conduction | transfer of heat through contact (jewelry and clothes) |
| Convection | transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of air or fluid |
| The hypothalamus | detects changes in body temperature, homeostasis |
| Burns | injury of death to skin cells |
| Severity of burns depends on | percent of body burned and depth of skin |
| Rule of palms | palm size=1% of total body surface area |
| Rule of nines | legs=9% each both front and back, back and front 18% each, arms 4.5% each, head 4.5% |
| Partial thickness burns | first and second degree |
| Full thickness burns | third degree burns |
| 1st degree burns | sunburn, no blistering, minimal tissue damage |
| 2nd degree burns | deep epidermal layers and upper dermis damage, blisters, damage to hair follicles and glands |
| 3rd degree burns | destruction of epidermis and dermis, underlying muscle or bone damage, no pain due to nerve damage |
| Appendages of skin | nails, hair, glands |
| Hair | begins to develop in 6th month of pregnancy |
| Callea lanugo | hair in uterus, most lost before birth |
| Vellus hair | stronger, hair that grows that you have the rest of your life |
| Terminal hair | pubic and auxiliary that develops during puberty, in males 80-90% replacement in males |
| Follicle | outer dermal root sheath and epithelial root sheath, forms hairs |
| Germinal matrix | cluster of cells at end of hair |
| Shaft | visible part of hair |
| Sebaceous glands | secrete sebum, lubricate hair |
| Baldness | male genes + present testosterone |
| Hair growth is not stimulated by | cutting or shaving |
| Nails | heavily keratinized epithelium |
| Nail body | visible portion of nail |
| Nail root | non-visible portion, under cuticle |
| Nails grow through | mitosis |
| Onycholysis | separation of nail from bed |
| Lunula | crescent white part |
| Under nail | nail bed, blood vessels |
| Sweat | sudoriferous glands, most numerous |
| Eccrine sweat glands | most numerous, coiled |
| Apocrine sweat glands | in armpits, deep in subcutaneous layer |
| White heads turn to black by | oxidation |
| Ceruminous glands | apocrine, coiled, makes cerumen=earwax |
| Any disorder of the skin | dermatosis |
| Dermatitis | inflammation of skin |
| Infections in children because; they don’t have the antimicrobial sebum | |
| Impetigo | highly contagious bacterial condition from staph or strep infection, young children, develops to crusts and blisters |
| Tinea | general name for many different mycocoses, ringworm, jock itch and athletes foot, cracks in epidermis, avoid by keeping skin dry |
| Wards | papillomaviruses, neoplasms of skin, transmission by direct contact |
| Boils | furuncles, local staph infections of hair follicles, puss filled legions |
| Carbuncles | untreated boils that fuse |
| Decubitus ulcers | pressure sores, blood flow slows in a local area of skin covering bony prominences and ulcers form due to tissue damages |
| Urticaria | hives red lesions called wheals, leakage of fluid from skin’s blood vessels |
| Scleroderma | autoimmune disease affects the blood vessels and connective tissues, hard skin, can’t move freely |
| Psoriasis | chronic inflammatory disorder of skin |
| Eczema | |
| Malignant hyperthermia | abnormally increased body temperature and muscle rigidity in presence of anesthetics |
| Heat exhaustion | body loses a lot of fluid |
| Heat stroke | inability to maintain constant body temperature |
| Hypothermia | inability to maintain body temp in super cold temperatures |
| Frostbite | local damage of tissues caused by extreme low temperatures, ice crystals + decreased blood flow |
| Mycoses | fungal infections |
| Erythema | reddish discoloration |
| fever | febrile states, caused by pyrogens, kill bacteria |
| Eczema | most common inflammatory disorder, inflammation with papules (bumps), vesicles (blisters), and crusts, sign of an underling condition, like poison ivy |
| all the glands are located in the | dermis |
| dermis is also called the | corium |
| dermis and hypodermis are derived form | the mesoderm germ layer |
| hypodermis | binds dermis to underlying organs, stores, lipids, insulates, etc. |
| average thickness of skin on body | 1-2mm |
| epidermis ranges | .07-.12 in thickness |
| soles of feet thickness | 6mm dermis, 1.4 epidermis |
| stratum basale is also called the | stratum germinativum |
| Pacinian corpuscle | nerve receptor that detects vibrations and heavy touch sensations |
| Meisser's corpuscles | detect light touch sensations and dispatch impulses for interpretation |
| Free nerve endings | one of two types to reach the epidermis, fire during painful stimulation |
| Merkel disks | reach up into epidermis, low threshold so fire with faintest touch |
| root hair plexus | fire when a hair follicle is touched |
| krause corpuscles | bulb shaped, surrounded by satellite cells, detect cold |
| ruffini corpuscles | detect heat |
| three layers of hair | medulla, cuticle, cortex |
| 3 cuticle patterns | coronal, spinous, imbricate |
| coronal pattern | crown like, stacked cups, rodents and bats |
| spinous pattern | petal like scales, mink, seals, not humans |
| imbricate pattern | flattened scales, humans |
| 4 types of medulla | continuous, interrupted, fragmented, absent |
| eumelanin | black pigment |
| phenomalanin | redish pigment |
| growth phase of hair | anagern |
| degredation fo hair | catagen |
| resting phase of hair | telogen |
| % of folicles at resting phase | no more than 10 |
| three factors that determine hair color | type of pigment in hair, how many melanin granules exist, how close the granules are together |
| head hairs | uniform diameter, longest |
| limb hairs | fine diameter, discontinuous medulla, arc-like in shape |
| chest hairs | granular medulla, darker, arc-like |
| pubic hairs | broad medulla, buckling, root with tag |
| axillary hairs | medullary appearance similar to limb hairs, less bucking |
| facial hairs | course with irregular cross section, doubled medulla |
| eyelashes | saber-like in appearance, short and stubby |
| eyebrows | saber-like in appearance |
| burning hair smells like | sulfur |
| percent of body weight that is skin | 7% |
| functions of skin | protection, excretion, syntheiss, thermoregulation, sensation, epidermis is made of |
| hypodermis is made of | loos fibrous tissue |
| dermis is made of | dense fibrous connective |
| basement membrane is located | below the dermis but above the hypodermis |
| in thin skin there is generally no___layer | lucidum |
| four distinc types of cells in epidrmis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells |
| most heat loss is from | skeletal and cardiac muscle + certain glands |
| primary means of heat loss is | radiation |
| major physiological defense against overheating | sweat |
| heat capacity of water | 1cal/g |
| blood vessels in area of injury | dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak |
| wrinkling and sagging is caused by the | epidermis loosening |
| old people can't taste right because | in old age sensory receptors decline |
| integument | skin |
| stratum lucidum are missing | nuclei |
| stratum corneum is also called | horny layer |
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