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Bio 111 Exam 2
all the vocab from the second exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reduction Reaction | Electrons added, creates more energy |
| Oxidation Reaction | Electrons removed, less energy |
| Ion Gradient | When Ion concentration is higher on one side of the membrane than the other |
| Photosynthesis | In plants and some bacteria, utilizes energy from the sun for Electron Transport Chain, which makes ATP and NADH |
| Free Energy | Energy used to do work (G) |
| Enzyme | Proteins, catlysts, increase rate of reaction, not used up in reaction, lower activation energy |
| Substrate | Fits on active site on enzyme |
| Exergonic | Energy Release, G is negative, can occur spontaneously |
| Endergonic | Energy must be input for reaction to happen, G is positive |
| Transition State | Substrates go through activated transition state (intermediate) where G (free energy) stage is higher than that of the reactants |
| Activation energy | Energy that must be added for a reaction to proceed |
| Active site | On enzyme, location where reaction takes place, lowers activation energy |
| Induced Fit Model | When something binds to enzyme, it will change the shape of the enzyme |
| Optimum Ph | The Ph at which an enzyme performs a reaction at the maximum rate |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy associated with movement |
| Prosthetic Groups | Small organic molecule permanently bound to enzyme, may be required to uphold the protein shape, or may be required in the reaction |
| Coenzyme | Small organic Molecule bound temporarily to enzyme, may be required to uphold the protein shape, or may be required in the reaction |
| Inhibitor | Molecule or ion that binds to enzyme, decreasing activity |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Binds to active site, must resemble substrate, if it binds, substrate can’t bind, NO REACTION |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Binds noncovalently at Allosteric Site, not competitive |
| Catalytic subunit | contains the active site and performs chemical reaction |
| Regulatory subunit | contains the allosteric site and regulates enzyme activity |
| Allosteric Regulation | Noncompetitive inhibition, used to regulate enzymes in pathways |
| Feedback Inhibition | When something made at the end of a pathway binds to an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway and makes it inactive, type of allosteric inhibition |
| Regulatory subunit | part of the enzyme that controls whether the enzyme is active or inactive |
| Effector | small molecule that controls the activity of the enzyme |
| Cell Respiration | How living cells get energy from organic molecules and release waste products (main goal is to make ATP) |
| Anaerobic | No oxygen is used (anaerobic processes still go through glycolysis) |
| Aerobic | Oxygen is used |
| Energy Intermediates | FADH2, NADH, ATP, can’t be transported or stored from cell to cell |
| Glycolysis | The first step for anaerobic and aerobic respiration, breakdown of glucose to Pyruvate, Makes ATP and NADH, 2 parts, 10 reactions |
| Transition/Import into Mitochondria | Large enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase, move Pyruvate from Cytoplasm to Mitochondrial Matrix, Happens twice |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | Makes ATP with an enzyme, starting compound is regenerated in the cycle (Used in glycolysis, Krebs Cycle) |
| Christae | Folded inner membrane of mitochondrion |
| Electron Transport Chain | Used to create a concentration gradient, mostly uses redox reactions |
| Ubiquinone | Mobile Electron carriers, not a protein, travels through phospholipid bilayer, in ETC |
| Cytochrome C | Mobile electron carrier, a protein with heme, in ETC |
| Ethanol fermentation | Type of anaerobic respiration, found in plants and fungi |
| Lactic acid fermentation | Type of anaerobic fermentation, found in animals |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment in plants. It’s necessary for all of photosynthesis and it absorbs certain wavelengths of light (esp. blue and red) |
| Light Reactions | Absolutely needs light, in the thylakoid of the chloroplast, coverts solar energy to short-term chemical energy (happen first) |
| Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle | May or may not use light, in the Stroma of the Chloroplast, mainly responsible for Carbon Fixation (happens second) |
| Carbon Fixation | Performs reduction reactions (adding electrons) to CO2 |
| Pigment | Material that changes the color of reflected/transmitted light as a result of wavelength absorption |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment in algae, cyanobacteria, and plants essential for photosynthesis. It is part of the reaction center for PSI and absorbs certain wavelengths of light (esp. blue and red) |
| Accessory Pigment | Helper pigments, not necessary, but helpful, use up quite a few wavelengths |
| Action Spectrum | Graph rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths |
| Antennae Complex/Light-Harvesting Complex | Pigments are arranged in a complex, array of hundred of different pigment molecules |
| Reaction Center | 2 Special Chlorophyll A molecules |
| Plastoquinone | A quinone (type of organic compound) mobile electron carrier in photosynthesis |
| Plastocyanin | Mobile electron carrier in photosynthesis, a protein containing Copper |
| Ferredoxins | Iron-sulfer proteins that mediate electron transfer |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Pathway that uses Proton gradient as energy source |
| Carboxylase | Enzyme that adds CO2 or Carboxyl group |
| Oxygenase | Enzyme in Dark Reactions that can react with oxygen |
| Mesophyll | Photosynthetic Tissue in C3 plant |
| Stomates | Pores that allow for gas exchange, CO2 goes in, O2 goes out, close to prevent water loss |
| Photorespiration | Very wasteful, occurs because enzyme rubisco reacts with oxygen, happens when there is a high oxygen concentraton and a low CO2 concentration |
| Compensation Point | When amount of O2 in Photosynthesis equals the amount of O2 used by Photorespiration |
| CAM plants | Slow-Growing Desert Plants, also called succulents, no Photorespiration or Dehydration, have some reactions occur in the day, some at night |
Created by:
smkenned
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