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Chapter 7
all words from ch. 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | basic units of life |
| cell theory | fundamental concept of biology: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are from existing cells |
| nucleus | large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei |
| Prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei |
| organelles | structures literally known as "little organs" |
| cytoplasm | portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | two membranes that surround the nucleus |
| chromatin | granular material you can see in the nucleus |
| chromosomes | threadlike stuctures that contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| nucleolus | small, dense region in the nuclei |
| ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell |
| golgi apparatus | an organelle that appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes. it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell |
| lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes. digests and breaks down small molecules and organelles |
| vacuoles | saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| mitochondria (mitochondrion) | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | supporting structure that gives eukaryotic cells their shape and internal organization |
| centrioles | structures located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division |
| cell membrane | a thin, flexible barrier surrounding cells that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. provides protection and support |
| cell wall | a strong supporting layer around the membrane, main function is to provide support and protection |
| lipid bilayer | a double-layered sheet that makes up cell membranes. gives flexible structure |
| concentration | mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| diffusion | process where particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. don't require cell to use energy |
| equilibrium | when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | when equilibrium is reached, the concentrations of water and sugar will be the same on both sides of the membrane. solutions have "same strength" |
| hypertonic | more concentrated sugar solution, "above strength" |
| hypotonic | dilute sugar solution, "below strength" |
| facilitated diffusion | when cell membrane (protein)channels help the diffusion of glucose across the membrane |
| active transport | when small molecules are moved oppositely across a cell membrane by transport proteins or "pumps", requires energy |
| endocytosis | process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | when extensions of cytoplasm surround a paricle and package it within a food vacuole, the cell then engulfs it |
| pinocytosis | a process in which many cells take up liquid from the surrounding environment. pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid and form vacuoles |
| exocytosis | membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing contents out of the cell. release large amounts of material from cell (contractile vacuole:active transport) |
| cell specialization | process in which cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| organ | many tissues working together |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
Created by:
allig
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