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Biology
Ch 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientists who study fossils are called ? | paleontologists |
| What is the fossil record? | the info about past life that shows how different groups of organisms have changed over time. |
| What evidence does the fossil record provide? | about the history of life on earth and how dif groups of organisms have changed over time |
| Species that dies out are said to be ? | extinct |
| T/F 1/2 all species that have ever lived on Earth have become extinct. | false |
| T/F Most organisms that die are preserved as fossils | false |
| T/F Fossils can include footprints, eggs, or other traces of organisms | true |
| T/F most fossils form in metamorphic rock | false |
| T/F the quality of fossil preservation varies | true |
| How do fossils form in sedimentary rock? | Layers of sediment build up, dead organisms sink to bottom, become buried, remains kept intact and free from decay, weight of layers compress lower layers+chem activity- turns into rock |
| 2 Techniques paleontologists use to determine the age of fossils | relative dating & radioactive dating |
| T/F Relative dating determines the age of a fossil by comparing its placemnet with that of fossils in other layers of rock | true |
| T/F Relative dating uses index fossils | true |
| Relative dating allows paleontologists to estimate a fossils age in years | false |
| T/F Relative dating provides no info about absolute age | true |
| T/F Older rock layers are usually closer to Earth's surface than more recent layers | false |
| T/F Scientists use radioactive decay to assign absolute ages to rocks | true |
| The length of time req for 1/2 of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is called a ??? | 1/2 life |
| The use of 1/2 lives to determine the age of a sample is called ______ | radioactive dating |
| How do scientists calculate the age of a sample using radioactive dating? | Age is calculated based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes it contains |
| T/F All radioactive elements have the same half life | false |
| List eras in geological time scale, most recent to oldest | cenozoic, mesozoic, paleozoic |
| T/F The geological time scale is used to represent evolutionary time | true |
| T/F Major changes in fossil organimss separate segments of geological time | true |
| T/F Divisions of the scale cover standard lengths of 100 mil yrs | false |
| T/F Geological time begins with the Cambrian Period | false |
| 6 components of Earths early atmosphere | hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water |
| T/F Liquid water 1st occurred on earth more than 4 bil years ago | false |
| T/F Miller and Urey's purpose was to determine how the first organic molecules evolved | true |
| T/F Miller and Urey's experiments led to the formation of several amino acids | true |
| T/F Miller and Urey accurately simulated conditions in Earth's early atmosphere | false |
| T/F Miller and Urey's results were never duplicated in experiments by other scientists | false |
| What are proteinoid microspheres? | tiny bubbles formed under certain conditions, formed by large organic molecules, they are not cells, but they have some characterists of living systems/cells |
| T/F Sceintists know how DNA and RNA evolved. | false |
| Why do scientists think that RNA may have evolved before DNA? | RNA molecules can grow/form and duplicate themselves on early earth |
| T/F Under certain conditions, small sequences of RNA could have formed and replicated on their own. | true |
| Microscopic fossils are called ??? | microfossils |
| T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth resembled modern bacteria | true |
| T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth were eukaryotes | false |
| T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth relied on oxygen | false |
| T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth were not preserved as fossils | false |
| How did early photosynthetic bacteria change Earth? | produced oxygen, oxygen combined w/ iron and the oceans rusted, formed great bands of iron that are the source of most iron ore mined today, oceans changed from brown to blue green |
| T/F The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere drove some life forms to extinction | true |
| T/F The ancestor of all eukaryotic cells evolved about 2 bil yrs ago | true |
| What was the 1st step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells? | prokaryotic cells began evolving internal cell membranes |
| What does the endosymbiotic theory propose? | eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms/cells |
| T/F The membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble the plasma membranes of free living prokaryotes. | true |
| T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not have DNA | false |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that are similar in size and structure to those of bacteria | true |
| T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission as bacteria do | true |
| How did sexual reproduction speed upt he evolutionary process? | shuffles genes in each generation, offspring never resemble their parents exactly, this increase in genetic variation greatly increases the chances of evolutionary change in a species due to natural selection |
| T/F Sexual reproduction evolved after the 1st multicellular organisms appeared. | false |
| T/F Almost 90 % of Earth's history occurred during the Precambrian. | true |
| T/F Precambrian = anaerobic and photosynthetic forms of life appeared | true |
| T/F Precambrian : Aerobic forms of life evolved and eukaryotes appeared. | true |
| T/F Precambrian : Multicellular life forms evolved. | true |
| T/F Precambrian : Life existed on the land and in the sea. | false |
| Why do few fossils exist fromt the Precambrian? | The animals were all soft-bodied and life only existed in the sea |
| The 1st part of the Paleozoic Era is the ??? period | Cambrian |
| T/F Cambrian : Organisms with hard parts first appeared. | true |
| T/F Cambrian : Most animal phyla 1st evolved. | true |
| T/F Cambrian : Many animals lived on land. | false |
| T/F Cambrian : Brachiopods and trilobites were common. | true |
| What happend in the Ordovician and Silurian Periods? | The 1st vertebrates evolved, and insects first appeared |
| What happened in the Devonian Periods? | Many groups of fishes were present in the oceans, and the first amphibians evolved. |
| What happened in the Carboniferous and Permian Periods? | Reptiles evolved from amphibians, and winged insects evolved into many forms |
| Animals first begin to invade land during the ??? Period | Devonian |
| Where does the Carboniferous Period get its name? | the remain of ancient plants formed thick deposits of sediment that changed into coal over mil of years, formed vast swampy forest |
| When many types of living things become extinct at the same time, it is called a ?? | mass extinction |
| T/F The mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic affected only land animals. | false |
| What happend during the Triassic Period? | first mammals |
| what happened during the Jurassic Period? | First birds |
| What happened during the Cretaceous Period? | First flowering plants |
| The Mesozoic Era is called the Age of the ____________ | Dinosaurs & Reptiles |
| The 1st dinosaurs appeared in the ??? Period. | Triassic |
| T/F The mammals of the Triassic Period were very small. | true |
| T/F Many paleontologists now thing that dinosaurs are close relatives of birds. | true |
| The dominant vertebrates throught the Cretaceous Period were ??? | reptiles |
| What advantage do flowering plants haveover coniferS? | Flowering plants produce seeds enclosed in a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersing it to new locations |
| Mass extinction at end of Cretaceous Period. | More than 1/2 of all plant and animal groups were wipe out, including all dinosaurs |
| T/F During the Cenozoic Era, mammals evolved adaptations that allowed them to live on land, in water, and in the air. | true |
| The Cenozoic Era is called the Ageof ______ | Mammals |
| What wer Earths climates like during the Tertiary Period? | generally warm and mild |
| How did Earth's climate change during the Quaternary Period? | Earth's climate cooled, causing a series of ice ages, then warmed again |
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