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A&P 1 Chap 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proximal radioulnar joint | Head of radius and the radial notch of the ulna articulate just below the elbow joint |
| Distal radioulnar joint | Articulation between ulnar notch of the radius and head of the ulna just about the wrist |
| Radiocarpal (wrist) joints | Only radius directly articulates with the carpal bones distally. This point of articulation between the head of the radius and the scaphoid and lunate carpals. Typical synovial joint. Fractures generally occur on the scaphoid bone. Transmits a majority of |
| Intercarpal joints | Occur at articulation points between the 8 carpal bones. Arranged in 2 layers (proximal and distal) of 4 bones each. Bones and joints stabilized by numerous ligaments and muscle tendons. Functionally, movements at these joints are generally gliding |
| Carpometacarpal joints | Total of 3 – 1 for thumb and 2 for fingers. One for thumb is unique. Has both a loose-fitting joint capsule and a saddle-shaped articular surface between the 1st metacarpal and trapezium. Movements at this joint include flexion, extension, adduction, abdu |
| Metacarpophalangeal joints | Rounded heads of metacarpals and concave bases of the proximal phalanges. Capsule surrounding each joint is strengthened by collateral ligaments on both sides. Movement limited to adduction and abduction. Only when fingers are extended. Much more extensiv |
| Interphalangeal joints | Hinge type synovial joints capable of flexion and extension, Between heads of phalanges and bases of the more distal phalanges, 2 types in the fingers: |
| Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints | Found between proximal and middle phalanges |
| Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint | Between middle and distal phalanges |
| Know the special features of the hip joint | Stability derives largely from shapes of head of the femur and acetabulum.The socket of the hip bone where the femur head fits. Socket of hip joint is deep cup-like shape. Much deeper than socket of shoulder joint. Causes hip joint to have more limited ra |
| Define: iliofemoral ligament | Connects ilium with the femur, One of the strongest ligaments in the body |
| Define: ischiofemoral ligament | Join the ischium and pubic bone to the femur |
| Define: pubofemoral ligament | join the ischium and pubic bone to the femur |
| Know the special features of the knee joint- AKA tibiofemoral joint: Largest, most complex, and most frequently injured joints in the body. Condyles of femur articulate with the flat upper surface of tibia. Very unstable. Counteracting forces supplied by | |
| List the 5 ligaments of the knee that were discussed in lecture | 1. Anterior cruciate ligament 2. Posterior curciate ligament. 3. Posterior tibiofibular ligament. 4. Transverse ligaments, and Fibular. 5. Tibular collateral ligaments. |
| Anterior cruciate ligament | Attaches to the anterior part of the tibia between its condyles. Crosses over and backward and attaches to the posterior part of the later condyle of the femur |
| Posterior cruciate ligament | Attaches posteriorly to the tibia and lateral meniscus. Crosses over and attaches to the front part of the femur’s medial condyle |
| Posterior tibiofibular ligament | Ligament of Wrisberg. Attaches posteriorly to the lateral meniscus. Extends up and over to attach to the medial condyle behind the attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament |
| Transverse ligament | Connects the anterior margins of the 2 menisci |
| Fibular and Tibular collateral ligaments | Strong ligaments located at the sides of the knee joint. 13 bursae serve as pads around knee joint: 4 in front. 4 laterally. 5 medially. Largest is prepatellar bursa- Inserted in front of the patellar ligament, between it and the skin. |
| Know the special features of the ankle joint | Similarities between anatomy hands and feet. But many differences as well. Bones of wrists, hands and fingers fit together to permit flexibility and allow for better manipulation. Bones of ankle, foot, and toes fit together to enhance stability and weight |
| Know the special features of the vertebral joints | 1 vertebra connects to another by several joints. Bodies, articular, transverse, and spinous processes. Cartilagenous (amphiarthrotic) joints between bodies permit only slight movements. Classified as symphyses. Synovial (diarthrotic) joints between artic |
| Know the names of the outer and central core of the cartilaginous disks in between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae | Bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by intervertebral disks and strong ligaments.1.Fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage form a disk’s outer rim: Annulus fibrosus. 2. Central core of disk consists of a pulpy, elastic substance: Nucleus pulposus |
| Define: herniated disk | Nucleus loses some of its resiliency with age, May suddenly compressed by exertion or trauma and pushed through the annulus |
| List the 7 ligaments that connect the vertebrae that we discussed in lecture | 1.Anterior longitudinal ligament: Strong band of fibrous tissue. Connects the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies from the atlas down to the sacrum. 2. Posterior longitudinal ligament: Connects the posterior surfaces of the bodies. Ligamenta flava. |
| Know the 4 major types of movements at joints | Angular, Circular, Gliding, Special |
| Know how health care professionals assess range of motion | Determines degree of damage in injured joint, If not injured, ROM should be within normal limits |
| Passive and active movements | Active – the individual moves the joint or body part. Passive – health care provider moves the part with the muscle relaxed |
| Define: goniometer | Measures the angle of joint if there is an obvious increase or limitation in its range of motion |
| Describe (and give examples) the angular movements flexion | Decreases angle between bones. Bends or folds one part of body on another. EX: bend head forward on your chest |
| Define: extension (hyperextension) | Increases the angle between bones. Returns a part from its flexed position to its anatomical position. Straightening or stretching movements. Stretching an extended part beyond its anatomical position is called hyperextension. |
| Describe plantar flexion and dorsiflexion | 1. Plantar Flexion: Occurs when foot is stretched down and back. Increases angle between top of the foot and front of the leg. This can also be described as extension. Angle is increase between the articulating bones. 2. Dorsiflexion: Occurs when foot is |
| Describe (and give examples) the angular movements abduction | Moves a part away from the medial plane of the body. Moving the leg straight out to the side. Move fingers away from the midline of the hand. |
| and adduction | Moves a part toward the medial plane. Bringing arm back to the side. Moving fingers toward the midline of hand |
| Describe (and give examples) the circular movements rotation | Consists of pivoting a bone on its own axis. EX: moving head from side to side when saying “no” |
| circumduction | Moves a part so that its distal end moves in a circle. EX: when a pitcher winds up to throw a ball |
| Describe (and give examples) the circular movements supination | Turns hand palm side up |
| and pronation | Turns palm of hand down |
| Describe (and give examples) gliding movements | Simplest of all movements. Articular surface of one bone moves over the articular surface of another. Without any angular or circular movement. Occurs between the. Carpal and tarsal bones. Articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae. |
| Describe (and give examples) special movements inversion | Turns sole of foot inward. |
| Eversion | Turns sole of foot outward |
| Describe (and give examples) special movements protraction | Moves a part forward. |
| Retraction | Moves a part back. EX: if you stick out your jaw, you protract it and if you pull it back, you retract it. |
| Describe (and give examples) special movements elevation | Moves a part up |
| Depression | Lowers a part, Moving it in opposite direction from elevation. EX: closing your mouth is elevation, opening it is depression |
| Define: bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa. Caused by. Prolonged pressure. Excessive or repetitive exercise. Sudden trauma to the bursa. Common sites. Elbow. Knee. |
| Know two classifications of joint disorders: Noninflammatory joint disease | Do not involve inflammation of synovial fluid, Do not produce systemic signs or symptoms, Fever, Damage to other organs |
| Inflammatory joint disease | involves inflammation |
| Define: osteoarthritis | Degenerative joint disease, Most common type. Degeneration and fracturing of articular cartilage. |
| Heberden nodes | Swelling in the distal interphalangeal joints |
| Bouchard nodes | Swelling in the proximal interphalangeal joints. Cause is unknown: Obesity, Aging, Wear and tear. |
| Define: dislocation | Subluxation, Traumatic injury to joints. Can damage blood vessels and nerves. Articular surfaces of bones in the joint are not in proper contact |
| Define: sprain | Acute musculoskeletal injury to ligaments surrounding a joint. Disrupts the continuity of the synovial membrane. Blood vessels can be ruptured. Bruising and swelling can occur. |
| Define: arthritis | General name for many inflammatory joint diseases. Caused by: Infection, Injury, Genetic factors, Autoimmunity. |
| Define: rheumatoid arthritis(RA) | Systemic autoimmune disease. Chronic inflammation of many tissues. Heart, lungs, skin, muscles. Attacks joints first and most severely. *Change in joints eventually cause bones to fuse together. Movement ceases |
| What is ulnar deviation? | Characteristic deformity in hands of patients with RA |
| Define: gouty arthritis | Metabolic disorder. Excess levels of uric acid in blood. Deposited as sodium urate crystals in synovial fluid. Signs and symptoms: Swelling, Tenderness, and Pain. Treatment: Drugs that inhibit formation of uric acid |
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