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Bio Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 fatty acids on glycerol and phosphate group on the 3rd OH | Phospholipid |
| phospholipid bilayers that are embedded with protiens that are scattered over/in it | plasma membrane |
| surface area to ratio of a cell matters | volume |
| fluid inside the plasma membrane | cytosol |
| the interior of the cell | cytoplasm |
| compacted genetic DNA | chromosone |
| biological macromolecule that makes protiens | ribosomes |
| flagella that are on the outside of the cell | motility protiens |
| membrane bound compartments only found in eukarotes | organelles |
| eukaryotic cells that are similiar to human cells unlike bacterial cells | plant cells |
| found in all eukaryotic cells and is responsible for cellular respiration | mitochondria |
| specialized plastid in the plant for photosynthesis | chloroplasts |
| plant organelle | plastid |
| fluid inside the double membrane of a cell | stroma |
| used to breakdown fatty acids and produce peroxide and removes ethanol/toxins from liver | peroxisomes |
| determines what enters and exits the cell | semipermeable membrane |
| lipid membranes are fluid | fluid mosiac model |
| the packed lipids are flexible but not liquid | fluidity |
| comes from the protiens in membranes | mosiac |
| founf in different membranes | different protiens |
| embedded in the membrane through hydrophobic regions | integral protiens |
| bound to the surface of the membrane and are more hydrophillic than iontegral protiens | peripheral protiens |
| susbstances diffuse across membranes with no energy..three types 1.diffusion 2.osmosis 3. facilitated diffusion via transport protiens | passive transport |
| movement of a substance to evenly spread into volume driven by thermal motion | diffusion |
| movemnet of water through a semipermeable membrane | osmosis |
| make tunnels through which molecules can pass but no cellular energy is used but fromthe chemical gradient | channel protiens |
| conformational change on binding allows passive diffusion | carrier protiens |
| when energy is required to move an object | active trasport |
| diffusion of a molecule after being actively transported couples the movements of small molecules | co-transport |
| secretion through vesicle fusion with the plasma membranes | exocytosis |
| internalization from the outside of the cell by pockets forming and pinching off internally | endocytosis |
| single celled organisms that interact with each other in cellular melieu...comes in two flavors a and alpha | yeast |
| external signals | first messangers |
| acts outside the cell by binding to a membrane protien that specifically interacts with a receptor | epinephrine |
| act in the nuero response | nuerotransmitters |
| molecule made by the specialized endocrine cells in organs and endocrine glands and secreted into the blood to circulate to other parts of the body | hormones |
| guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, cAMP, phosphate, and Ca+2 | secondary messangers |
| controls hormonal signalling between cells in the body | endocrine system |
| targets cells throughout the body by secreting hormones outside of the cell into blood to serve as a messanger | endocrine signalling |
| local regulators that act near the source | paracine/autocrine signalling |
| diffuse a short distance across a synapse between a nueron and its target cell | nuerotransmitters |
| diffuse through blood can can go far fromthe secretory cell | nuerohormones |
| found either as part of other organs or in ductless organs called glands | endocrine cells |
| exocytosis secreted to blood stream where the molecules can bind to cells surface receptors and induce changes in the cytoplasmic molecules | water soluble cellular response pathway |
| typically triggers changes in gene expression, acts intracellular | lipid soluble cellular response pathway |
| peptides, gas and protagladins | local regulators |
| stimulate smooth muscles in unterine wall to promote sperm swimming and birth contractions | prostagladins |
| something that binds to something else..it can be a protien, nucliec acid, or small molecule | ligand |
| have four types of signalling molecules that are all ligands | multicelled organisms |
| signals move between cytosols of adjacent cells through cell junctions | cell to cell diffusion |
| membrane bound extracellular molecules allow two cells to identify each other | cell to cell recognition |
| cell tells nearby cells to grow and divide "pancrine signalling" | growth factors |
| release when electrical current travels down the cell "syanptic signalling" | neurotransmitter |
| hormones move through the circulatory system in animals, through vessels or air in plants "endocrine signalling" | long distance signalling |
| observed that epinephrine activated the breakdown of glycogen in liver cells by activating glycogen phoshphorylase but not when he mixed chemicals | Earl Sutherland |
| molecule binds the target's receptors | reception |
| binding that alters the receptor | transduction |
| is a ligand fro specific cell-surface protiens and it causes that protien to change shape | signalling molecule |
| binds ligand and the protien dimerizes, tyrosines are phosphplated that activate relay protiens to pass th signal | receptor tyrosine kinase |
| lignad binds extracellular space, opens the channel, ions flow, signal is set | ion channel receptors |
| small molecules diffuse across the membrane and activate receptors in the cytosol and the nucleus | intracellular receptions |
| is made in the testis, diffuses throught the body and into the cells | testerone |
| activates an enzyme in a pathway | cAMP |
| less concentrated in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid and in the ER and is actively transported out of the cell | Ca+2 |
| can occur in the nucleus or cytoplasm | response |
| the process of making an RNA from a DNA strand | transcription |
| a unit of inheritance that dictates phenotype...the rgion of a DNA that is transcribed in mRNA and then sythesized into a protien | gene |
| the protien that peels apart the double strand, reads the DNA, matches the correct RNA nuceotide, and joins together the nucleotides to make RNA polymers | RNA polymerase |
| a short sequence of DNA that tells RNA polymerase to bind and intiate transcritption also upstream coding (5') | promoter |
| a short sequence of DNA that tells the RNAP to stop transcription | terminator |
| removes noncoding introns by RNA and is a protien complex | spliceosome |
| the increase of singal in modification | amplification |
| different cells have different protiens, including different cell surface protiens | specificity |
| cell signalling pathways overlap so they are coordinated and scaffolding protiens keep elements spatially close | efficinecy |
| is a cluster of genes in the same pathway that contains a promoter and a transcritption unit | operon |
| part of the DNA with signals that regulate expression of an operon | operator |
| bind to the operator to block polymerase access | represssor |
| positively charged protiens that bind to the negatively charged DNA | histones |
| makes nucelosomes bind neighboring nucleosomes | deacetylation |
| increases compaction, decreases transcription | methylation |
| changes to the genome that are passed on to the next generation | epignetic inheritance |
| only 1.5% of the genome codes for protien | noncoding RNAs |
| is controlled by a genetic program that leads to tissue and morphogenesis | cell differentiation |
| dtermine intial steps of defferentiaion in newly formed embryo | maternal cytoplasm |
| programmed cell death | apoptosis |
| protiens that degrade the cell's DNA | nucleases |
| chew up protiens | caspases |
| out of control cell growth | cancer |
| genes that behave normally in a healthy cell but when disrupted, can be carcenogenic | proto-oncogenes |
| transformed versions of cells oncogenes | oncogenesgenes |
| that keep the cells grwoing healthily | tumor-supressor genes |
| G protien between a G-protien coupled receptor and kinase pathway that ultimately makes a protien that stimulates the cell | Ras |
Created by:
jucolquitt@yahoo.com
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