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Cell/Molec II
Exam 2 Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Topologically Similar Proteins | Proteins are topologically similar if they do not need to cross a membrane to move from one place to another. |
| What are the three destinations proteins can go from the cytosol? | The nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the mitochondria (chloroplast in plant cells) |
| What kind of transport do proteins use to go from the cytosol to the nucleus? | Gated-transport |
| What kind of transport do proteins use to go from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum? | Transmembrane transport |
| What kind of transport do proteins use to go from the cytosol to the mitochondria? | Transmembrane transport |
| Where do proteins go after they arrive at the E.R? What kind of transport is used? | To the golgi apparatus by vesicular transport. |
| What are the three destinations proteins can go from the golgi apparatus? | To a secretory vesicle, to the membrane (outside the cell), or to the late endosome. |
| What type of transport do proteins use once they leave the golgi apparatus? | Vesicular transport |
| Where do proteins go after they arrive at the late endosome? | To the lysosome |
| What are the two ways in which a sorting signal can be built into a protein? | By a signal sequence in the amino acid chain that interacts with a specific receptor, and a signal patch. |
| Where does a signal sequence get embedded in a protein? | In the mRNA in the ribosome of a cell. |
| What are the three types of protein transport? | Gated, transmembrane, and vesicular transport. |
| Where does transcription occur in a cell? | In the nucleus |
| How many membranes does the nucleus have and what does it share one with? | It has two membranes and one is shared with the endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is located between the outer nuclear membrane and the inner nuclear membrane that allows transport? | Nuclear Pore Complexes |
| What is a nuclear pore complex consist of? | Protein complexes and a nuclear basket. |
| How do large and small proteins get transported? | Small proteins (about 10 killidaltons) diffuse through the nuclear pore. Large proteins (about 100 killidaltons) are actively transported into the nucleus. |
| What directs proteins to the nucleus? | Nuclear import signals |
| What are nuclear import receptors? | Proteins capable of binding the signal sequence. They can bind to nuclear porins and allow a nuclear signal localization of cargo protein. |
| What is cargo? | Protein/s that need to be imported |
| What is GTP (Ran GTP)? | The energy source for active protein transport into the nucleus. Made of nucleic acids and has stored energy in its phosphate bonds. |
| What major protein has the most membrane in a cell? How many membranes does it have? | The mitochondria has two membranes. It is where ATP is synthesized and where the electron transport chain occurs (in the inner membrane). |
| What is an example of a protein that is transferred from the cytosol to the mitochondria? What type of transport is used? | Cytochrome C is a protein that is delivered to the mitochondria by transmembrane transport. |
| What type of signal sequence is used for mitochondrial import of proteins? | An amphipathic signal sequence |
| What shape does a amphipathic signal sequence take in the membrane? | An alpha helix where one side of the helix is non-polar and the other side is charged. The alpha helix is recognized by receptor proteins. |
| Do mitochondria have their own DNA? | Yes! |
| What is an example of a protein translocater in the mitochondrial membrane? | A Tom Complex |
| How is Protein Import completed by the Mitochondria? | First, a receptor moves to a translocation complex. Second, the receptor in the outer sequence recognizes the signal sequence and the protein will cross both membranes and enter the matrix space. Third, the signal sequence will be cleaved. |
| What cleaves signal sequences off proteins after mitochondrial import? | Signal peptidase. |
| What do chaperone proteins do? | Prevent proteins from going back into the cytosol and helps pull proteins into the mitochondria. |
| What are two signal sequences used for protein import into the mitochondria? | Mitochondrial signal sequence and an import signal sequence. One is to bring the protein to the matrix, and a second is for transport from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
| Where does translation begin in a cell? | In the cytosol |
Created by:
jgk25
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