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Si chap. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category |
| Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
| Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| Mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way |
| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
| Representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes |
| Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| Overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct |
| Belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed |
| Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning |
| Phoneme | the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Morpheme | the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word of part of a word |
| Grammar | a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language |
| Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| Babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds |
| One-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| Two-word stage | beginning about age 2, stage where a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| Telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs |
| Aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area |
| Broca's area | controls language expression- directs the muscle movements involved in speech; in left frontal lobe |
| Wernicke's area | controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; in left temporal lobe |
| Linguistic determination | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
Created by:
cfranci2
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