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Micro-b Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Catabolic reaction | energy producing, breakdown complex molecules |
| Anabolic reaction | energy consuming, synthesize complex molecules |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions and processes carried out by living organisms. |
| Autotroph | Fix carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules. |
| Photoautotroph | Autotrophs that obtain energy from light. |
| Chemoautotrophs | Obtain energy from oxidizing simple inorganic substances. |
| Heterotroph | Get carbon from ready-made organic molecules. |
| Photoheterotroph | Heterotrophs obtain chemical energy from light |
| Chemoheterotrophs | Heterotrophs that obtain energy from breaking down ready-made organic compounds. |
| Metabolic pathways | Sequence of reactions where the product of the first reaction becomes the reactant of subsequent reaction. Ex: linear, branched and cyclic. |
| Function of enzymes | Increase the rate at which chemical reactions take place within living organisms by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. |
| Amino acid backbone structure. | Amino group+carboxyl group+alpha carbon+residual group. Each amino acid is distinguised by it's R group. |
| Peptide bonds | Carboxyl group of 1 amino acid is bound by a dehydration reaction to the amino group of another amino acid. |
| Primary protein structure. | The types and order of amino acids linked in the chain. |
| Secondary protein structure. | Segments of the chain that coil or fold |
| Tertiary protein structure. | the three-dimensional folding of the chain into a globular mass. |
| Quaternary protein structure | Two or more monomers bound together into a functioning unit. |
| Enzyme active site | Locations on the surface of the enzyme where substrates can bind. |
| Holoenzyme | Certain type of enzyme that functions only when the protein portion binds with a coenzyme (NAD and FAD) and a cofactor (inorganic ion improves the fit) |
| 3 factors affecting enzymes | Temperature - higher temps = denatured enzymes,, lower temps - exponentially slower reaction rates. pH - changes the charged features affecting substrate binding capabilities Substrate concentration - increased substrate = more reactions. |
| Competitive enzyme inhibition | Substrate look alikes take up the space on the enzyme reserved for actual substrates. |
| Non-competitive enzyme inhibition | Molecules bind to allosteric sites on the enzyme morphologically changing the shape and preventing substrates from binding. |
| Feedback enzyme inhibition. | The product of the end reaction signals the initial enzyme to slow or stop reactions. |
| Oxidation and Reduction reactions | OIL - Oxidation is Loss (of electrons) RIG - Reduction is Gain (of electrons) |
| Co enzymes | Electron taxis NAD and FAD |
| Homolactic fermentations | Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid |
| Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both involve: | Electron transport chain. |
| Fermentation | A means for recycling NADH to NAD to ensure survival of the cell. |
| Players of the electron transport chain | NADH dehydrogenase, Flavoproteins, Iron-sulful proteins, cytochromes, quinones. |
| Chemiosmosis | Harnessing energy associated with relieving ion gradients across membranes. |
| Oxidative Phosphorilization | ATP is synthesized using energy from proton motive force to bind ADP with an inorganic free Phosphate by a dehydration reaction. |
| Substrate level phosphorilization | moving of inorganic phosphates to or from ADP/ATP at the substrate level (ex: glucose molecule is phosphorilized in glycoloysis) |
| Proton Motive Force | The chemical and electrical gradient across a membrane resulting as a cumulative effect of pumping hydrogen ions to outside the surface of the membrane. |
| 4 phases of bacterial growth in a closed system: | Lag phase, exponential growth phase, Stationary phase, Death phase. |
| Lag phase | Cell becomes acclimated to new conditions, no significant increase in cell numbers. |
| Exponential growth phase | Cell metabolism is occuring at maximum efficency, population doubling at a genetically programed "Generation Time" |
| Stationary Phase | Nutrient level begins to decline, waste byproducts accumulate, cell growth rates slow to a level that is balanced by die-off rates. |
| Death phase | Die-off of cells occurs exponentially. |
| Chemostat | Maintains the log phase by providing nutrients and flushing out waste indefinitely. |
| Standard plate count | (# of colonies x Dillution rate)/amount used = ? CFU's |
| Most probable number method | Used to enumerate bacteria in very dilute samples. |
| Turbidity measures | Spectrophotometry - measures light transmittance through a sample. Less light = greater turbidity and more culture growth. |
| Factors effecting bacterial growth: | Carbon - necessary for energy. Nitrogen - Amino Acids and Nucleotides Sulful - Amino Acids Phosphorus - nucleotides Tracemetals - Enzyme cofactors |
| Aerobes | Require oxygen to grow |
| Anaerobes | Do no require oxygen to grow |
| Obligate aerobes | Will not survive without free oxygen. |
| Obligate anaerobes | Will not survive in the presence of free oxygen. |
| Facultative anaerobes | Can complete aerobic metabolism when oxygen is present but shift to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is absent. |
| Aerotolerant anaerobes | Can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism. |
| Psychrophiles | Bacteria that grow best at low temperatures |
| Mesophiles | Bacteria that grow best at middle temperatures |
| Thermophiles | Bacteria that grow best at high temperatures |
| Acidophiles | Bacteria that grow best in highly acidic environments. |
| Neutrophiles | Bacteria that grow best in neutral environments. |
| Alkaliphiles | Bacteria that grow best in highly basic environments. |
| Hyperosmotic environments | Cells loose water and shink (plasmolysis) |
| Hypoosmotic environment | Cells gain water and swell/burst. |
| Halophiles | Salt-loving organisms which require moderate to large quantities of slat. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Pressure doubles with every 10 meter increase in depth |
| Barophiles | Prokaryotes that live at high pressures. |
| Purines | Double ringed nitrogenous bases (A & G) |
| Pyrimidines | Single ringed nitrogenous bases (C, T & U) |
| Pentose sugars | Ribose and deoxyribose 5 carbon sugars |
| Base pairing rules | A purine always binds with a pyrimidine, specifically A with T (or U in RNA)resulting in 2 hydrogen bonds and C with G resulting in 3 hydrogen bonds. |
| Transcription | mRNA is made by RNA Polymerase according to the DNA template to be used in Translation. |
| Translation | At the ribosome mRNA is "read" and tRNA brings amino acids according to the template. |
| Replication | DNA is semi-conservatively copied to pass genetic information from parent to progeny. |
| Replication - Step 1 - Initiation | Gyrase and Helicase glom on to the DNA strand at the OriC (AT rich section of the strand). The strand is unwound and pulled apart. SSBP's hold the strands apart. |
| Replication - Step 2 - Copying (leading strand) | Primase adds RNA primers. DNA Polymerase 3 reads and copies nucleotide sequences. The leading strand this is continuous proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction. |
| Replication - Step 2 - Copying (lagging strand) | Primase adds RNA primers DNA polymerase 3 reads and copies nucleotide sequence discontinuously in Okazaki fragments. |
| Replication - Step 3 - Finishing | DNA Polymerase 1 replaces RNA primers with DNA. Ligase completes phosphodiester bonds between Okazaki fragments. |
| OriC | Point of origin for replication. An A/T rich section of the strand. |
| Replication forks | Point at which the strand is separated for replication. |
| Anti parallel replication | Replication always occurs in the 5' to 3' direction and is therefore occurring in opposite directions with each half of the strand. |
| 6 components of replisome | Gyrase, Helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase 3, DNA polymerase 1, ligase. |
| Mutations | Mistakes in replication process, can be harmful or not. |
| Genes | Information for the synthesis of proteins (structural or enzymatic) |
| Codon | Sequence of 3 bases code for a specific amino acid. |
| Anticodon | Base triplicate to the mRNA codon on the tRNA molecule that will bring in the amino acid that mRNA codes for. |
| Polyribosomes | Chain of ribosomes allowing the same strand of mRNA to be translated multiple times simultaneously resulting in mass production of proteins. |
| Gene regulation | Involves both constitutive enzymes (produced continuously) and Inducible enzymes (produced only in response to certain metabolic or environmental conditions). |
| Repression | Stopping protein synthesis due to a certain environmental or metabolic condition. |
| Vertical Gene Transfer | Passing of genetric material from parent to progeny (replication) |
| Horizontal (Lateral) gene transfer. | Passing of genes to microbes of the same generation. |
| 3 basic mechanisms of Lateral Gene Transfer | Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
| Transformation | "Naked DNA" from a donor cell is taken up to a host cell in a state of competence. Fragments of the naked DNA is incorporated into the host DNA. |
| Transduction | The transfer of genetic material by bacteriophage. |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacterial cells. |
| Virulent phage | Capable of cuasing infection and the destruction and death of a bacterial cell |
| Temperate phage | Ordinarily does not cause a disruptive infection |
| Prophage | Phage DNA that is incorporated into the host bacteriums DNA |
| Lysogeny | Persistence of a prophage without phage replication and destruction of the bacterial cell. |
| Conjugation | Delivery of chromosomal material from one cell to another by way of a conjugation pili. Requires direct contact between donor and recipient cells and can transfer larger quantities of DNA than Transformation or Transduction. |
| Nutritional factors for bacterial growth | Carbon (CO2 for autotrophs, glucose for heterotrophs), Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Metals, Vitamins, Water, Energy (phototrophs - radiant, chemotrophs - chemical energy) |
| Components of stains | Benzine ring, chromophore and auxochrome. |
| Differential media | Will display a color change based on what it is differentiating (fermentation or secretion). |
| Selective media | Only certain types of organisms will grow. |
| Diagnositc results of gram stain | Gram positive = purple Gram negative = red/pink |
| Acidic and Basic stain differences | Acidic stains - negative and have a strong affinity for positive constituents of the cells (proteins). Basic stains - Positive charged have a strong affinity for the negative constituents of the cell (nucleic acids) |
| Benzine ring | Organic colorless solvent |
| Chromophore | Chemical group that imparts color to benzene |
| Auxochrome | Chemical group that conveys ionization to the chromogen. |
| Chromogen | Benzene+Chromophore= Colored compound, not a stain. |
| Most important step of gram stain | Decolorization |
| Growth media selective for Gram - | Mac Agar |
| Mannitol salt agar (MSA) | Selective for growth of staphyl-cocci Differential for fermenters of mennitol |
| Blood Agar | Selective for streptococcus Differential based on hemolytic properties. |
| Gamma hemolysis | No lysis of red blood cells (no color change in blood agar) |
| Alpha hemolysis | Partial lysis of red blood cell (greenish halo in blood agar) |
| Beta hemolysis | Complete lysis of red blood cells (clear zone surrounding colonies in blood agar) |
| MacConkey agar (Mac Agar) | Selective for Gram negative. Differential for lactose fermenters (appear red). |
| Eosin-methylene blue agar (EMB) | Differential for lactose fermenters and E. coli. Partially inhibitory to gram positive. |
| Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PeA) | Partially inhibitory to gram-negative. |
| 4 ways to grow organisms anaerobically | Brewer jar, GasPak system, Shake-culture technique, paraffin plug technique. |
| Function of counterstain. | To recolorize cells or components that were decolorized previously and allow gram negative components to be viewed. |
| Purpose of heat fixation | To fix cells in place on the slide so they don't slide off during the staining, rinsing process. |
| Grams iodine | Mordant that increases a cells affinity for a stain. |
Created by:
npeters519
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