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Biology 321 - #2

QuestionAnswer
Transpoable elements (TE's) cause repetitive sequencing. What can they do? 1) Can carry adjacent genes with them when moving 2) If inserted into a coding region, can destroy gene function 3) If put near a coding region, can affect timing or extent of gene expression 4) Can cause rearrangement of hosts genome (unequal cross-ov
Mutations in different genes can cause the same? Similar: different mutations in the same genes can cause? The same phenotype
Pseudogenes Non-functional version of a gene
Gene duplication is? A mutation event where a new gene (B) arises from a preexisting one (A)A and B are paralogues (Para). A and A; B and B will be orthologues (ortho) if speciation occurs.
Homologs are? Both paralogues and orthologues
What did Mukai do? Counted 1.7 million flies to estimate rate of mutations on chr 2 from egg to adult in drosophila
Do all genes have the same mutation rate? No
macromutations can be caused by? Small mutations in genes that determine development.
Homeotic mutations are? Mutations that result in the development of one body part in the place of another.
T/F: Are mutations are adaptively directed False
Do all genes have the same mutation rate? No
macromutations can be caused by? Small mutations in genes that determine development.
Homeotic mutations are? Mutations that result in the development of one body part in the place of another.
T/F: Are mutations are adaptively directed False
Fst is? Fst is a measure of to what extent different populations are fixed for different alleles.
ahistorical adaptation is? Phenotypic variant that results in higher fitness among specified set of varients
historical adaptation? A character state that evolved in response to a selective agent
preadaptation A feature that shows utility for a function that it was not originally selected for (ex: wings to padde like structure for swimming
exaptation can be further modified by new selective regime
The mean fitness of of a population is the highest when all the individuals have te greatest relative fitness (Wi). Mean fitness will equal 1.0 (Highest) True
What does the coefficient of selection (s) measure? How much less fit one genotype is relative to the fittest genotype; It's the degree of selective advantage of the fittest genotype.
Directional selection is The replacement of less advantageous alleles by more advantageous ones. This is a basis of adapative evoltion. - Occurs when homozygote for advantageous allele has a = or > fitness than heterozygote or any other genotype.
What is purifying selection? It's the reduction and elimination of deleterious alleles in a population. -Less adavantageous alleles are called 'deleterious' when a more advantageous allele is present.
Do deleterious alleles take longer to become fixed? Where are they hidden? Yes, they cause dominant alleles to rise fast, but reach fixation slowly. Deleterious alleles are hidden in heterozygotes.
Balancing selection is? A form of selection that maintains polymorphism
Inverse frequency-dependent selection is? It's when a particular genotype has higher fitness when rare, than common.
Underdominance is Heterozygote has the lowest fitness, and will be unstable unless either A1 or A2 are fixed.
What is a reaction norm of a genotype? It's a set of phenotypes expressed across different environments
Phenotypic plasticity is? It's the different phenotypes produced by the genotype to be suited for different environmental conditions. Happens during ontogeny.
What are canalized traits? They're traits that are constant throughout different environments. Ex: Digits on human hands
Created by: ighani
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