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AP Focus 8
Evolution: Genetic Variation and Speciation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Changes in a gene sequence | Mutations |
| Most mutations are ______ and and ______ but sometimes can be ________ | deleterious, recessive, advantageous |
| During gamete formation, homologous chromosomes may exchange portions potentially creating new genes or gene combinations | Crossing over |
| Each homologous pair form a parent organism separates independently of other pairs creating unique gamete combinations | Independent assortment |
| By maintaining two, three, or more than three sets of chromosomes allowing organisms to preserve more genetic variety | Diploidy, triploidy, or polyploidy |
| Mating with unrelated individuals that can cause new allelic combination which also has the side benefit of hybrid vigor or heterosis that is the healthier and hardier young that result when two differing inbred strains are mated | Outbreeding |
| Variation without selective value.. for now | Neutral variation |
| The formation of new species- closely related individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring | Speciation |
| When two populations are geographically separated and evolve separately till when recombined can no longer produce fertile offspring | Allopatric "OTHER COUNTRY" speciation |
| When new species form in the absence of geographic barriers | Sympatric Speciation "together" |
| Can occur through polymorphism- differing phenotypes associating with each other may be reproductively isolated, when polyploidy causes generations with different numbers of chromosome sets, or when fertile hybrids become their own separate species | Sympatric speciation |
| Prevent genetic exchange between populations | Reproductive isolating mechanisms |
| Mating prevention barriers | Pre-zygotic |
| Species don't come in contact | Habitat isolation |
| Mating occurs in different seasons or times of the day | Temporal or time based |
| Behaviors such as mating rituals differ | Behavioral |
| Anatomical barriers prevent mating or pollination | Mechanical |
| When the male gamete cannot survive where the female gamete is found or when the female gamete does not recognize the make gamete | Gametic |
| After fertilization barriers | Post-zygotic |
| Zygote does not develop and aborts in utero or dies before capable of reproduction | Inviable offspring |
| Hybrid sterile ex. mule from horse and donkey | Sterility |
| Hybrids become successively weaker and/or infertile | Breakdown |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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