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Micro - Exam 2
Stack #72294
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | all chemical reactions in a cell; revolves around ENERGY (required to perfrom all functions) |
| anabolism | [synthesis] building up something complex from simple parts; requires E |
| catabolism | [analysis] breakdown of something complex into its simple parts; releases E |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate: [adenosin]-PO4~PO4~PO4 |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons; gains O2 and loses H; releases E |
| Reduction | gain of electrons; loses O2 and gains H; requires E |
| Coenzymes [Oxidized --> Reduced] | (1) NAD+ --> NADH (2) FAD --> FADH2 (3) NADP --> NADPH |
| types of metabolism | (1) Glycolysis (2) Kreb's Cycle (3) Electron Transport Chain (4) Fermentation |
| glucose | an organic sugar that requires enzymes to breakdown - goes through GLYCOLYSIS |
| GLYCOLYSIS | [aka- Embden-Meyerhof Pathway] 6 Carbon --> 2 3Carbon (Pyruvic Acid) |
| changes during GLYCOLYSIS | [no O2 required] (1) 2ATP --> 2ADP + PO4 + E (2) 4ADP + PO4 + E --> 4ATP (3) NAD+ --> NADH [reduced - gain e- in H] |
| KREB'S CYCLE | pyruvic acid from glycolysis not ready for cycle so it needs to change; some parts require O2; many different reactions occuring; each step reqires an enzyme |
| changes in KREB'S CYCLE | (1) lose CO2 (2) NAD+ --> NADH (3) gains CoEnzyme A }= Acetyl-CoA |
| benefit of KREB'S CYCLE | (1) gains ATP (2) 3NAD+ (gains electron) --> 3NADH (3) FAD (gains electron) --> FADH2 |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | [aka-Respiration] found in prokaryotic cells; does not vary between species; series of reactions [reductions/oxidations]; |
| changes in ETC | BEGINNING: NADH --> NAD+ + H+ (oxidized) H+ is picked up by first compaound in chain nd yields 3 ATP MIDDLE: FADH2 --> FAD + H+ (oxidizd) yields 2 ATP |
| final electron acceptors | aerobic: O2 --> H2O anaerobic: inorganic molecule (not O2) - NO3 --> NH3; CO3 --> CH4; SO4 --> H2S |
| FERMENTATION | can occur instead of ETC after creation of Pyruvic Acid (no Acetyl-CoA); product is dependent on what the enzyme can make based on the needs of the cell [ glucose --> pyruvic acid --> ethyl alcohol+CO2; lactic acid; isopropylalc; propionic acid] |
| RESPIRATION v. fermentation | (1) glycolysis (2) anaerobic = no O2; aerobic = O2 (3) kreb's cycle (4) ETC (5) lots of E (6) inorganic end product |
| respiration v. FERMENTATION | (1) glycolysis (2) no O2 (3) no kreb's cycle (4) no ETC (5) not much E (6) organic end product |
| Phosphorylation | adding PO4 to something using a high E bond (ex - ADP + PO4 + E --> ATP) |
| phosphorylation: PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION | use light E to make chemical E |
| phosphorylation: SUBSTRATE LEVEL | when a substrate is broken down and ATP in produced; glycolysis - kreb's cycle - fermentation |
| phosphorylation: OXIDATIVE LEVEL | the process of being reduced and oxidized but never broken down; ETC |
| genetics | the science of heredity |
| gene | segment of DNA which codes for a single product (usually a protein) |
| chromosome | a structure that carries genes |
| DNA | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (directional up and down on opposing DNA stands) |
| genetic bases | (1) Adenine (2) Thymine (3) Guanine (4) Cytosine |
| Replication | DNA makes an exact copy of itself: (1) DNA unzips (2)each strand is used as a template to make a new strand (3) strands attach directionally according to the deoxyribose |
| replication fork | where DNA splits between two strands |
| leading strand | made first as DNA unzips; faster |
| lagging strand | made in opposite direction; slower |
| RNA | RiboNucleic Acid |
| DNA v. rna | (1) deoxyribose [sugar] (2) double stranded (3) bases: G C A T (4) only 1 type |
| dna v RNA | (1) ribose [sugar] (2) single stranded (3) bases: G C A U [uracil] (4) 3 types |
| 3 types of RNA | (1) messenger [mRNA] (2) transfer [tRNA] (3) ribosomal [rRNA] |
| making a protein: transcription | DNA unzips - one strand in a template used to make mRNA |
| making a protein: translation | (1)mRNA travels to ribose[pro=cytoplasm;eu=ER](2)ribose reads a codon(3)tRNA brings aa with correct anticodon;drops aa and floats away(4)next codon read by ribose(5)tRNA and anticodon attach,drop aa,float away(6)aa attach and make protein(7)nonsense condo |
| codon | 3 bases together that have a meaning for an amino acid; more than 1 codon per amino acid (64 different combinations); 1 start = AUG [methionine] 3 stop = nonsense codons |
| anticodon | 3 bases opposite bases on codon |
| mutation | any change in the order of bases in DNA |
| ames test purpose | discover if something is carcinogenic |
| carcinogenic | cancer causing |
| mutogenic | mutation causing |
| ames test procedure | 1 use mutated salmonella(needs particular nutrient) 2 make agar media without needed nutrient 3 smear on salmonella 4 place test substance on plate, incubate 5 if colonies grew=substance diffused onto agar and changed salmonella back to premutated state |
| ames test conclusion | if substance can change salmonella, it is possible it could change human cells and cause cancer (huge leap of faith - cant be 100% sure) |
| how prokaryotes get new DNA; TRANSFORMATION | breakdown of bacteria leaves intacts DNA; comptetent bacteria picks up naked DNA |
| how prokaryotes get new DNA: TRANSDUCTION | virus carries host cell DNA to new host |
| how prokaryotes get new DNA: CONJUGATION | 2 cells (same genus, species) - cell with pilus attaches to cell with no pilus, DNA passes through pilus |
| how prokaryotes get new DNA: PLASMIDS | (small circle of DNA, extrachromosomal) can happen between cells of different genus, species; travels from cell with pilus to cell with no pilus; duplicates itself and leaves copy with host |
Created by:
lcnelson
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