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A&P Joints
Articulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A(n) _____, or joint, is any site where two bones meet. | articulation |
| Joints are classified by two criteria: _____ and _____. | structure; function |
| The three structural classifications for joints are _____, _____, and _____. | fibrous; cartilaginous; synovial |
| The three functional classifications for joints are _____, _____, and _____. | synarthrotic; amphiarthrotic; diarthrotic |
| A joint that is immobile is a(n) _____ joint. | synarthrotic |
| A joint that allows only a small amount of movement is a(n) _____ joint. | amphiarthrotic |
| A freely movable joint is a(n) _____ joint. | diarthrotic |
| For _____ joints, there is no joint cavity and the joints themselves are synarthrotic or at most amphiarthrotic. The bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue and their function is more to prevent separation than to resist compression. | fibrous |
| Sutures are joints that are _____ (function) and _____ (structure). | synarthrotic; fibrous |
| If the fibrous connective tissue in a suture is lost and the bones completely fuse (as often happens in late adulthood), the joint is called a(n) _____ instead of a suture. | synostosis |
| If the connective tissue in any joint is lost and the bones fuse (as when a child stops growing and the ephyseal plate forms the epiphyseal line), the result is a(n) _____. | synostosis |
| _____ are fibrous joints that are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic: the bones are connected by a ligament. Examples include the articulations of the tibia with the fibula. | Syndesmoses |
| Articulations of the alveolar sockets of the mandible or maxilla with the teeth are _____. | gomphoses |
| Gomphoses are classified as _____ (function) and _____ (structure). | synarthrotic; fibrous |
| The ligament that connects a tooth to an alveolar socket is called a(n) _____ ligament. | periodontal |
| For _____ joints, there is no joint cavity and the bones are united by cartilage which functions to resist compression as well as prevent separation. | cartilaginous |
| When two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage which does not permit any movement to occur between them, the joint is called a(n) _____. An example would be the joints between the diaphyses and epiphyses of a child's long bones. | synchondrosis |
| In _____, hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an ntervening pad of fibrocartilage. As a result, the joint resists compression and separation while still allowing limited movement. The best examples are the _____. | symphyses; intervertebral joints |
| Most joints in the body are _____. | Synovial |
| In synovial joints, the articulation of the bones is _____. | enclosed in a fluid-containing cavity |
| Synovial joints all include a layer of _____ covering the articulating bones, as well as a joint cavity filled with _____ and surrounded by a(n) _____. In addition, they are always strengthened by _____. | articular cartilage; synovial fluid; articular capsule; reinforcing ligaments |
| The stability of synovial joints is provided by _____, _____, and _____. | shape of the articular surface, ligaments, and muscle tone |
| _____ are flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid. | Bursae |
| _____ are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together, and allow for friction-free movement. | Bursae |
| A(n) _____ is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, allowing it to slide and roll without friction and protecting it from damage due to contact with adjacent structures. | tendon sheath |
| The _____ of a muscle is its attachment to an immovable bone. | origin |
| The _____ of a muscle is its attachment to a bone that moves when the muscle is contracted. | insertion |
| Movements of synovial joints are classified according to way in which they move around a(n) _____. | axis |
| The joints of the wrist and ankle are _____: they are examples of the relatively few joints of this type that do not rotate around an axis, and so are classified as _____. They move by _____. | synovial; nonaxial; gliding |
| Bending the knee is _____ of the knee. | Flexion |
| Straightening the knee is _____ of the knee. | Extension |
| Moving the elbow dorsally is ____ of the shoulder. | Extension |
| Moving the elbow ventrally is _____ of the shoulder. | Flexion |
| Bending forward at the waist is _____ of the trunk. | Flexion |
| Bending backward at the waist is _____ of the trunk. | Hyperextension |
| Tilting the chin downward is _____ of the neck. | Flexion |
| Tilting the head back to look at the ceiling requires _____ of the neck. | Hyperextension |
| Lifting the toes toward the back of the foot and the shin is _____ of the foot. | dorsiflexion |
| Extending the toes (e.g., tip-toeing) is _____ of the foot. | plantar flexion |
| Moving the limbs (or fingers) apart, away from the midline, is _____. | abduction |
| Moving the limbs (or fingers) together or toward the midline ('adding' them together, as it were) is _____. | adduction |
| Moving the hand or foot in a circular path, so that the outer surface of a cone is followed by the limb itself, is called _____. | circumduction |
| Medial | |
| _____ rotation moves the thumb or great toe to a position pointing away from the opposite limb. | Lateral |
| Shaking the head is an example of _____. | Rotation |
| Turning the palm so that the radius and ulna are parallel (as you must do to hold, for example, a bowl of soup in the palm of your hand) is _____. | supination |
| Turning the palm so that the radius rotates over the ulna is _____. | pronation |
| To stand on the lateral edge of your foot, you would need to _____ your foot. | invert |
| To stand on the medial edge of your foot, you would need to _____ your foot. | evert |
| Closing your mouth and shrugging your shoulders are both examples of _____. | elevation |
| Opening your mouth or lowering your shoulders are both examples of _____. | depression |
| Jutting your jaw forward is an example of _____. | protraction |
| Pulling your jaw backward, toward the ear, is an example of _____. | retraction |
| Touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand is called _____. opposition | opposition |
| A(n) _____ connects a bone to a muscle, while a(n) _____ connects two bones or connects an organ to an anchoring point. | tendon; ligament |
| Which bone or bones articulate(s) with the distal end of the humerus? | |
| _____ prevent side to side movement in the elbow. | Ligaments |
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