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BioTest 2
Chapters 25-31, 35-39
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Be familiar with the eons, periods up to the period in which plants came upon land and eras and relate these to their respective descriptions found in table 25.1. | |
| Be able to tell me if for example the Paleozoic is a period, era, or eon? | Paleozoic, Mesozoic,and Cenozoic Eras |
| When did major extinctions occur? e.g. at the end of the Permian, Ordovician period etc | Permian, Cretacean, Ordovician |
| When do we see according to this chart, plants and fungi invading land? | Ordovician Period |
| When does it indicate prokatyots, protists first arrived? | 3.5 billion years ago |
| Define phylogeny, taxonomy, phylogenetic tree, taxon, branch point, a clade, monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic | Taxonomy=naming of organisms |
| orthologous vs. paralogous genes and the molecular clock may be in the bonus section). | |
| Identify general structure and function of prokaryotic organisms | They possess no definite nucleus, pili, capsules, walls that contain peptidoglycan, are important as decomposers |
| Be able to classify prokaryotes according to domains and groups | Archae are found in Domain Archae, and Bacteria are found in domain Bacteria |
| What kinds of shape or morphologies do we find in spirochetes (spiral bacteria), cocci, bacilli? | Cocci=circular Bacilli=rod shaped Spirochetes=commas, coil shaped, or corkscrew |
| Compare and contrast gram + to gram – bacteria, such as in wall structure, staining properties etc. | Gram+=simpler walls with a lot of peptidoglycan (violet) Gram-=less peptidoglycan with more complex structures (pinkish red) |
| Differentiate archaea from bacteria, for example, which would you expect to find in thriving very harsh environments? Are they both prokaryotic? | Both prokaryotic,no membranes, circular DNA. Archaea are in extreme environments. |
| Define taxis, plasmid, binary fission, transformation, conjugation and transduction. How is it that bacteria and other prokaryotes can change so quickly? | Taxis=movement towards or away from stimuli plasmid= Binary Fission= |
| Differentiate between binary fission, transformation, conjugation and transduction | |
| When genetic information is incorporated into prokaryotes from the environment, this best describes | Transformation |
| Give the importance of endospores | Resistant cell of bacteria left behind that can remain viable for centuries until conditions are suitable |
| Define antibiotics | A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms |
| Understand importance of bacteria in nitrogen metabolism | It can increase the nitrogen available to plants??...They convert N2 to ammonia |
| Differentiate between obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes | Obligate aerobes=use O2 for respiration. Obligate anaerobes=poisoned by O2, use fermentation or anaerobic resp. Facultative=Use O2 or fermentation |
| Distinguish between the extremophiles methanogens, halophiles and thermophiles | Extremophiles=archaea in extreme environments Halophiles=salty Methanogens=use CO2 to oxidize H2, release methane Thermophiles=hot |
| Understand what is meant by decomposers, symbiosis, host, mutualism, commensalisms, parasitism, and opportunistic | Decomposers=break down corpses, vegetation, and waste, unlocking carbon Symbiosis=symbiont and host live together Mutualism=both benefit Commensalism=one helped, other isn't hurt |
| From Figure 27.18, p. 568 – 569, describe something that you found to be very interesting | Delta proteobacteria look like trees and secrete slime, release myxospores and attack and drill other bacteria |
| Distinguish between exotoxins and endotoxins. | Exotoxins=proteins secreted by bacteria Endotoxins=on gram - bacteria and released only when cell dies and cell wall breaks down |
| Define bioremediation and give an example of how this process is important for our environment e.g. the use of prokaryotes in cleaning up oil spills. | It is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water, ie decomposing sewage to be used as fertilizer or cleaning oil spills |
| How can bacteria be beneficial to us? Give examples | They can produce vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, possibly create some that can produce ethanol |
| How can bacteria cause harm? Give examples. | They cause disease ie anthrax,e.coli, tuberculosis, lyme disease, cholera, and botulism |
| Information from lab 3 including characteristics of euglena, amoeba and paramecium | |
| Give characteristics of protists; unicellular, eukaryotic etc. Why were protists soon after being discovered, called “little beasties | They are mostly unicellular, NOT ALL, eukaryotic, some closely related to plants, animals, & fungi. Great variation, when discovered he thought they were little animals |
| Are protists bacteria? Are protists all lumped into one kingdom today? Are all protists unicellular | Protists are not bacteria and not lumped into one kingdom, and NOT all unicellular |
| What is a mixotroph | Mixotrophs combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| What is meant by conjugation? | Genetic material is transferred between 2 bacterial cells of the same or different species that are joined. It is one way, one cell donates DNA and one receives, using a sex pili |
| Know that many protists are single celled, eukaryotic organisms (e.g. euglena that have chloroplasts) | |
| Describe the structure of a Euglena | Has a pocket from which flagella emerge, mixotrophs, eyespot, contractile vacuoles,chloroplast see notes |
| What protist causes a red tide and how is this dangerous? | Dinoflagellates, explosive population growth, they can produce toxins that kill lots of fish and possibly humans that may eat the mollusks |
| Review the life cycle of Plasmodium the parasite that causes malaria (Figure 28.10 | Apicomplexan with sexual and asexual stages, often require two or more host species for completion, mosquitoes and humans |
| Give diseases that are caused by a protists such as | Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosomes, diarrhea caused by G. intestinalis (lambliae), Amoebic dysentery, caused by E. histolytica, an std caused by trichomonas vaginalis. So, not only bacteria, fungi and viruses can make us sick right? |
| What are diatoms used for? | Diatoms are used for filtering e.g. diatomaceous earth and take carbon dioxide out of our atmosphere when they die . |
| 7. Potato late _____________ caused many Irish to migrate to America in the ________ century. Why? P. 588 | blight (oomycetes) 19th century, because it turns the stalk and stem to black slime |
| 8. What group of protists are most closely related to land plants? P. 591 | Green algae |
| 9. A ______________ is a seaweed body that is plantlike and is an example of brown algae. It consists of a _______________ a _____________ and ________________.p. 586 | A thallus...consists of a rootlike holdfast, which anchors the alga, a stemlike stipe, which supports leaflike blades |
| 10. Which algae forms huge seaweeds known as kelp? Golden or brown algae? P. 586 | Brown algae is kelp |
| 11. Which has substances that we usually eat in puddings, ice cream, salad dressing or your favorite kombu? P. 586 | Brown Algae |
| 12. True or false: forams have hard shells known as tests and can be used in dating sedimentary rocks? P. 589 Green algae are used to make wraps for sushi? P. 590 -591 | Porous shells called tests and are excellent markers for correlating sedimentary rocks. No red algae is used for sushi |
| 13. What is meant by alternation of generations? Hint: sporophytic generation vs. gameto___________ generation; gives part of the answer. | Gametophytic generation...alternation between a haploid and diploid generation |
| Describe feeding in the amoeba. Amoeba reproduce by binary fis_______ Are there any types of Amoebas that can cause sickness? | They extend pseudopodia out which engulfs food particles by phagocytosis. Binary fission, fruiting bodies |
| 16. Distinguish between paramecium, flagella, euglena in feeding, nutrition, structure and movement. | Study lab notes for differences |
| 18. Bonus 0.1 points, are unicorns included in Unikonts and are pistils included in Opisthokonts? You are an Opisthokont…true or false. | True, humans are unikonts and opisthokonts??? |
| 19. Termites, ruminants (because they drink rum?) and other organisms can eat wood with the help of protists? True or false? P. p. 596 - 597 | True, they must have the protists to digest it. |
| Describe diseases that are caused by a protists such as amoebic dysentery, malaria, trichomoniasis, sleeping sickness, Chagas, red tide poisoning etc. | Giardia, Trypanosoma=sleeping sickness, Plasmodium=Malaria, amoebic dysentery=e. hystolytica, spread by contaminated water, food, or utensils. |
| 21. Describe feeding in the amoeba, paramecium and euglena. | |
| Compare and contrast amoeba, euglena and paramecium in their structures, modes of nutrition (feeding), movement, reproduction, light detection, and their elimination of wastes and water. | Structural differences include cilia in paramecium, flagella in euglena, pseudopodia in amoeba |
| Compare and contrast Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms in terms of Structure, Function, Locations, Dominant Stage in Life Cycle etc…vascular vs. non vascular…seeds vs. seedless…roots vs. rootless..Fig. 30.2 is great for some of this. | |
| Sporophyte, Gametophyte, Spores, Embroyphytes---p. 602, Sporangia, Gametangia, Archegonia, Antheridia, Apical Meristems---p. 603 Xylem, Phloem, Vascular Tissue (bundles), Stomata | |
| 1. What are the closest relatives to land plants?---charophyceans or ch________ytes (a type of green algae) | Charophytes share 4 distinct traits with land plants, making them the possible closest living relative. |
| When is it theorized that plants were able to colonize land?----about 500 – 400 million years ago in the Ordovician period or in the Permian period about 300 – 250 million years ago? Table 25.1 p. 515 | Small plants appeared on land only about 500 million years ago |
| What are some of the features that distinguish plants that live on land from those that live in or spend most of their time in water? | Include true roots, stems, vascular tissue (xylem for water conduction and phloem), and thick cuticles and dicot leaf. Veins are more systematically designed. |
| 4. Monocot leaves tend to have veins that are______and dicot leaf Veins are more systematically designed. | Monocot leaves are generally parallel while dicot veins are netlike. |
| Why do plants that spend most of their time in water lack or do not have thick cuticles | Because cuticles are waxy surfaces designed to keep water from escaping and water plants don't need that adaptation. Land plants need it because they have a much higher risk of dessication. |
| 5. How are vascular bundles arranged differently in monocots and dicots? | Monocot vascular tissue is usually scattered while dicot vascular tissue is arranged in rings. |
| 6. Monocots have _____________ roots while dicots have a ____________ root system. | Monocots have fibrous roots, with no main root. Dicots have a taproot system with a main root. |
| 7. What is the purpose of a cuticle in plants? | To prevent dessication, or water loss and drying out. |
| 8. Why is lignin important in certain plants?---for strength…p. 612 | Lignified vascular tissue made plants stronger and gave them the ability to grow taller; it provided support against gravity and they could transport water and nutrients higher up. |
| 9. What is the importance of stomata? | Stomata are pores that allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the outside air and sporophyte interior. Also the major channel for H20 evaporation. |
| Compare and contrast, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms as we did in class and in lab 4 | |
| Are bryophytes vascular/seedless? Are Pteridophytes vascular/seedless? | Bryophytes are nonvascular/seedless. (mosses/liverworts) Pterophytes are seedless but vascular(ferns,) |
| Is pollen usually found in gymnosperms? E.g. Figure 30.6 | Yes, pollen is in gymnosperms. |
| Why is it said that gymnosperms bear naked seeds | The seeds aren't enclosed in chambers. |
| Do seeds serve for nourishment for embryonic plants? | Yes |
| What are some other functions for seeds? | |
| Describe the basic structure of a seed and Distinguish between monocot and dicot seeds | Seed coat for protection, cotyledons (seed leaves, monocots have 1 cotyledon and dicots have 2) for nourishment and later photosynthesis, endosperm (storage facility for nourishment), embryo = sporophyte or young plant that possesses a young root known |
| Describe the structure of a flower including sepals, petals, stamen, pistil (carpel)…monocots have petals in multiples of ____________ and dicots in multiples of 4 and 5. | |
| What is the importance of sepals? | |
| 19. What is the importance of petals? | |
| How are flowers modified (made to attract you and other pollinators, as well as designed for pollination) for pollination? | They are bright, colorful, and scented. |
| 21. Distinguish between the male and female structures in flowers? | |
| 22. How does pollination occur? Describe the stages. | |
| 23. Why are fruits important to plants? When you eat a fruit you are eating the plant’s | Fruits enclose the seed and allow for seeds to be transported by animals. You are eating the ovary. |
| 24. O______________ become seeds after fertilization by sperm in angiosperms. | Ovaries |
| 25. Would you say that most of our agricultural plants are angiosperms? | Yes, almost all |
| 26. What is meant by alternation of generation? P. 602 Figure 29.5 | |
| 28. Do land plants exhibit alternation of generation? | |
| 29. What are the most dominant phases in the life cycles of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gametophytes or Sporophytes? | (Figure 30. 2 p. 619 is good for this) |
| ive an example of a Bryophyte (e.g. moss, liverwort), Pteridophytes (fern), Gymnosperm (conifers) and a few examples of Angiosperm fruit | (e.g. Fig. 30.8, 30.9 p. 626, featuring cockleburs ”Barbie dog”, and berry “multichromed” mouse tomato daffodil, chrysanthemums, roses, violets, blue bonnets etc.) |
| 31. What features help to make angiosperms special? | They produce fruit and have flowers. |
| 32. How do angiosperms differ specifically to gymnosperms? | Enclosed seeds---fruit |
| 33. What is peat? And how did it help to preserve “Tollund Man” p. 610, Fig. 29.11 | Peat is partially decayed organic material, that does not decay readily. The low temp, pH, and oxygen level inhibits decay, which preserved Tollund Man for thousands of years. |
| ylem transports __________________ and _________________ from the soil to the Roots, up the stems and to the___________________. | Xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves. Phloem brings sugars,amino acids, and other organic products back |
| _________________________ takes food from leaves. | Phloem |
| 1. Can some fungi be single celled…yes y_______________ are single celled. | Yes, some are single celled. |
| 2. Can some fungi be multicellular? | Yes, most are |
| Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. How? Use pheromones in your description of sexual reproduction | |
| Fungi are often decomposers but can be parasitic or involved in a mutualistic relationship | |
| Do fungi ingest their food like we do? How do they get their nutrients? | No, they break it down with hydrolytic enzymes and then they absorb it. |
| Be familiar with the terms hyphae, chitin, mycelium, septa, haustoria and mycorrhizae | |
| Lichens are composed of fungi and photosynthetic organisms involved in a symbiotic relationship, their secretions of natural chemicals, including acidic secretions help to | break down rocky surfaces and are found on surfaces such as rocks, rotting logs etc. p. 649 -650 |
| Would you employ the ants in Fig. 31. 22 to do your gardening? Why / Why not? | No, because they cut the leaves off and bring them to fungi to eat. |
| 9. What kind of relationship do they have with the fungus they associate with. | They have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship where both benefit. The fungi eat the leaves and break them down into something the ants can digest. |
| 10. Do fungi help animals and insects eat wood and other plant materials? P. 637 and 648 -649 | |
| Describe the life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus stolonifer…this type of fungus is most likely to infiltrate foodstuffs and give them all those pretty colors you desire, such as your bananas, peaches, mangoes, bread etc. p. 643 Figure 31.13 | Have 2 mating types + & - Form hyphal extensions, have several haploid nuclei Zygosporangium forms with multiple haploid nuclei Zygo develops hard coating When conditions are favorable, karyogamy occurs, then meiosis |
| Most of the pathogenic fungi that affect us and plants are... | ascomycetes that disperse spores via sac like spores known as asci, found in fruiting bodies known as ascocarps. Other examples of ascomycetes include edible fungi such as truffles |
| Fungal infestation in man is known as... | mycoses |
| Basidomycetes or club mushrooms are typical forms, and | fungus is 1,900 years old and takes up about 1,800 football fields seen in 636,puff balls are fungus that smells like rotting flesh, p. 646 Some of these produce shrooms such as psilocybin found in Texas. |
| Mycotoxins-- Pathogenic fungi include Aspergillus flavus which secretes aflatoxin | This fungus contaminates grains and peanuts and can cause liver cancer in humans |
| Another pathogenic fungus Claviceps purperea, which infiltrates rye, causes ergotism | The symptoms of ergotism include gangrene (death of tissue) and hallucinations. A compound isolated from ergots is lysergic acid,LSD. Infected rye could be responsible for the symptoms of people accused of being witches during the Salem witch |
| Secalonic Acid D is another toxin produced by fungi that causes | birth defects in animals. |
| Athletes foot is caused by ringworm—a fungus also yeast infections, which are opportunistic in nature, also Pneumocystis Carinii is a fungus that infects people who’s immune systems have been depressed by AIDS | Ringworm—a fungus also yeast infections, which are opportunistic in nature, also Pneumocystis Carinii is a fungus that infects people who’s immune systems have been depressed by AIDS |
| Uses of fungi include | The manufacture of foodstuffs such as cheese, wine and bread, as antibiotics, in molecular biology and biotechnology e.g. in the manufacture of insulin for diabetics, soft drinks, reduction of high blood pressure, cessation of maternal bleeding |
| Compare and contrast Dicots to monocots | |
| Describe the parts of an angiosperm including a dissection of the shoot and root system | |
| 1. Distinguish between a tap root system and a fibrous root system | Taproot has one main root, fibrous is branched out |
| 2. What is a major function for root hairs? | Increase absorption area of water and nutrients in roots. |
| 3. Distinguish between primary and secondary growth…primary growth lengthens roots and shoots, secondary growth adds width. | |
| 4. Do monocots exhibit secondary growth? | |
| 5. Differentiate between terminal and axillary buds with respect to their locations and functions | |
| 6. Understand these terms: node, internode, blade, petiole, vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, meristem | |
| 7. How is a leaf modified to carry out photosynthesis? e.g. it has the presence of stomata, a cuticle and chloroplasts….etc. | |
| 8. Is a potato a root or stem? | |
| 9. Compare a compound leaf to a simple leaf fig. 35.6 p. 741 | |
| 10. How does transport occur in plants?---Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk transport, active transport (covered in biol 1406) | |
| 11. What is transpiration? How is it important in the transport of water through a plant? (p. 765 Fig. 36.2) | |
| 12. What are mineral nutrients? | |
| 13. Give 3 examples of macronutrients needed by plants (Table 37.1) | |
| 14. Give 3 examples of micronutrients needed by plants (Table 37.1) | |
| 15. What is the value of nitrogen fixing bacteria? | |
| Cotyledons are | seed leaves together with the endosperm which is a food storage tissue, can provide nourishment for the developing plant. The coleoptile sheaths cover the young shoot and the coleorhiza covers the young roots |
| Hormones are | signals that are important in coordinating activities throughout an organism. They are involved in transmitting signals, but usually act in a much slower manner. Hormones are secreted in one part of the body and act on another where they elicit a response |
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