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Pharmacology Ch 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemicals that are made in an organ or gland and carried through the blood stream to another part of the body | hormones |
| specific chemical group of hormones that have powerful effects on cell sensitization, healing and development | steroids |
| a complicated, chronic disorder characterized by insufficient insulin production or by cellular resistance to insulin | diabetes |
| a hormone produced by the pancreas that acts to maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits; essential for the use of glucose in cellular metabolism and for proper protein and fat metabolisml | insulin |
| hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; controls the use of glucose, protein, and fat in the body; lowers blood sugar by inhibiting glucose production by the liver; available as purified extracts from beef and pork pancreas (used infrequently) | insulin |
| Insulin activates a process that helps _________ enter the cells. | glucose |
| Insulin stimulates the liver ___________ synthesis. | glycogen |
| Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and control more severe and complicated forms of ________ diabetes. | type 2 |
| adverse effects of insulin: | rebound hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy of injection site (get knots where fat breaks down), hypersensitivity, hypoglycemia |
| two generations of medications; act to lower blood glucose by stimulating the beta cells to relaese insulin | sulfonylureas |
| adverse effects of sulfonylureas: | hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, weight gain, heartburn, weakness and numbness of extremities |
| reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity to muscle and fat cells; also used for PCOD | biguanides |
| biguanide medication: | metformin (Glucophage) |
| adverse effects of biguanides: | GI upsent (abdominal bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea, etc), metallic taste, hypoglycemia (rare) |
| decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity by modifying several processes | thiazolidinediones |
| thiazolidinedione medications: | rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone (Actos) |
| adverse effects of thiazolidinediones: | aggravated DM, URI, sinusitis, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, diarrhea, back pain |
| stimulate insulin relase from the pancreas | meglitinides |
| meglintinide medications: | nateglinide (Starlix), repaglinide (Prandin) |
| adverse effects of meglitinides: | URI, headache, rhinitis, bronchitis, back pain, hypoglycemia |
| improves glucose control in Type 2 DM | incretin mimetics |
| incretin mimetic drugs: | exenatide (Byetta); sitagliptin (Januvia) |
| adverse effects of incretin minetics: | HA, dizziness, jitteriness, N/V, diarrhea |
| chemicals that are made in an organ or gland and carried through the blood stream to another part of the body | hormones |
| specific chemical group of hormones that have powerful effects on cell sensitization, healing and development | steroids |
| a complicated, chronic disorder characterized by insufficient insulin production or by cellular resistance to insulin | diabetes |
| a hormone produced by the pancreas that acts to maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits; essential for the use of glucose in cellular metabolism and for proper protein and fat metabolisml | insulin |
| hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; controls the use of glucose, protein, and fat in the body; lowers blood sugar by inhibiting glucose production by the liver; available as purified extracts from beef and pork pancreas (used infrequently) | insulin |
| Insulin activates a process that helps _________ enter the cells. | glucose |
| Insulin stimulates the liver ___________ synthesis. | glycogen |
| Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and control more severe and complicated forms of ________ diabetes. | type 2 |
| adverse reactions of prostaglandins: | HA, dizziness, fainting, flushing, HTN, acute hypotension, chest pain, dysrhythmias |
| adverse effects of insulin: | rebound hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy of injection site (get knots where fat breaks down), hypersensitivity, hypoglycemia |
| act to increase the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions and decrease uterine bleeding | ergot alkaloids |
| two generations of medications; act to lower blood glucose by stimulating the beta cells to relaese insulin | sulfonylureas |
| ergot alkaloid medications: | Ergonovine (Ergotrate maleate), Methylergonovine (Methergine) |
| adverse effects of sulfonylureas: | hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, weight gain, heartburn, weakness and numbness of extremities |
| reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity to muscle and fat cells; also used for PCOD | biguanides |
| biguanide medication: | metformin (Glucophage) |
| adverse effects of biguanides: | GI upsent (abdominal bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea, etc), metallic taste, hypoglycemia (rare) |
| decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity by modifying several processes | thiazolidinediones |
| thiazolidinedione medications: | rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone (Actos) |
| adverse effects of thiazolidinediones: | aggravated DM, URI, sinusitis, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, diarrhea, back pain |
| stimulate insulin relase from the pancreas | meglitinides |
| meglintinide medications: | nateglinide (Starlix), repaglinide (Prandin) |
| adverse effects of meglitinides: | URI, headache, rhinitis, bronchitis, back pain, hypoglycemia |
| improves glucose control in Type 2 DM | incretin mimetics |
| incretin mimetic drugs: | exenatide (Byetta); sitagliptin (Januvia) |
| adverse effects of incretin minetics: | HA, dizziness, jitteriness, N/V, diarrhea |
| decrease uterine contractions | tocolytics |
| tocolytic drug that stops pre-term labor; will make you extremely dry; pt has to be in the hospital and consistently monitored when taking | Yutopar, Brethine |
| tocoloytic that is used in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | magnesium sulfate |
| adverse effects of tocolytics: | usually associated iwth IV administration |
| uterine stimulator; used to start or improve labor contractions, manage an inevitable or imcomplete abortion | oxytocin |
| adverse effects of oxytocin: | fetal bradycardia, uterine rupture, uterine hypertonicity,nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, anaphylactic reactions, water intoxication |
| used in the induction of labor, evacuation of the uterus, and control of postpartum hemorrhage; used to soften and dilate the cervix | prostaglandins |
| prostaglandin medications: | Cervidil, hemabate |
| adverse reactions of prostaglandins: | HA, dizziness, fainting, flushing, HTN, acute hypotension, chest pain, dysrhythmias |
| act to increase the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions and decrease uterine bleeding | ergot alkaloids |
| ergot alkaloid medications: | Ergonovine (Ergotrate maleate), Methylergonovine (Methergine) |
| adverse effects of ergot alkaloids: | nausea, vomiting, elevated blood pressure, temporary chest pain, dissiness, water intoxication, headache |
| used in treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency; for children who are continuing to grow; cannot be given after puberty has started | anterior pituitary hormone replacement drugs |
| anterior pituitary hormone replacement medications: | Somatropin (humatrope); cosyntropin (Cosyntropin) |
| chemicals that are made in an organ or gland and carried through the blood stream to another part of the body | hormones |
| specific chemical group of hormones that have powerful effects on cell sensitization, healing and development | steroids |
| a complicated, chronic disorder characterized by insufficient insulin production or by cellular resistance to insulin | diabetes |
| a hormone produced by the pancreas that acts to maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits; essential for the use of glucose in cellular metabolism and for proper protein and fat metabolisml | insulin |
| hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; controls the use of glucose, protein, and fat in the body; lowers blood sugar by inhibiting glucose production by the liver; available as purified extracts from beef and pork pancreas (used infrequently) | insulin |
| Insulin activates a process that helps _________ enter the cells. | glucose |
| Insulin stimulates the liver ___________ synthesis. | glycogen |
| Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and control more severe and complicated forms of ________ diabetes. | type 2 |
| adverse effects of insulin: | rebound hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy of injection site (get knots where fat breaks down), hypersensitivity, hypoglycemia |
| two generations of medications; act to lower blood glucose by stimulating the beta cells to relaese insulin | sulfonylureas |
| adverse effects of sulfonylureas: | hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, weight gain, heartburn, weakness and numbness of extremities |
| reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity to muscle and fat cells; also used for PCOD | biguanides |
| biguanide medication: | metformin (Glucophage) |
| adverse effects of biguanides: | GI upsent (abdominal bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea, etc), metallic taste, hypoglycemia (rare) |
| decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity by modifying several processes | thiazolidinediones |
| thiazolidinedione medications: | rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone (Actos) |
| adverse effects of thiazolidinediones: | aggravated DM, URI, sinusitis, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, diarrhea, back pain |
| stimulate insulin relase from the pancreas | meglitinides |
| meglintinide medications: | nateglinide (Starlix), repaglinide (Prandin) |
| adverse effects of meglitinides: | URI, headache, rhinitis, bronchitis, back pain, hypoglycemia |
| improves glucose control in Type 2 DM | incretin mimetics |
| incretin mimetic drugs: | exenatide (Byetta); sitagliptin (Januvia) |
| adverse effects of incretin minetics: | HA, dizziness, jitteriness, N/V, diarrhea |
| decrease uterine contractions | tocolytics |
| tocolytic drug that stops pre-term labor; will make you extremely dry; pt has to be in the hospital and consistently monitored when taking | Yutopar, Brethine |
| tocoloytic that is used in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | magnesium sulfate |
| adverse effects of tocolytics: | usually associated iwth IV administration |
| uterine stimulator; used to start or improve labor contractions, manage an inevitable or imcomplete abortion | oxytocin |
| adverse effects of oxytocin: | fetal bradycardia, uterine rupture, uterine hypertonicity,nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, anaphylactic reactions, water intoxication |
| used in the induction of labor, evacuation of the uterus, and control of postpartum hemorrhage; used to soften and dilate the cervix | prostaglandins |
| prostaglandin medications: | Cervidil, hemabate |
| adverse reactions of prostaglandins: | HA, dizziness, fainting, flushing, HTN, acute hypotension, chest pain, dysrhythmias |
| act to increase the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions and decrease uterine bleeding | ergot alkaloids |
| ergot alkaloid medications: | Ergonovine (Ergotrate maleate), Methylergonovine (Methergine) |
| adverse effects of ergot alkaloids: | nausea, vomiting, elevated blood pressure, temporary chest pain, dissiness, water intoxication, headache |
| used in treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency; for children who are continuing to grow; cannot be given after puberty has started | anterior pituitary hormone replacement drugs |
| anterior pituitary hormone replacement medications: | Somatropin (humatrope); cosyntropin (Cosyntropin) |
| anterior pituitary hormone replacement drugs that are used in diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency | corticotropin (ACTH), cosyntropin (Cosyntropin) |
| adverse effects of corticotropin (ACTH) | depression, nausea, petechiae, hypernatremia, adrenal suppression, seizure, vertigo, HA, personality changes, euphoria, mood swings, impaired would healing, thinning of the skin, ecchymosis, facial redness, diaphoresis, hyperpigmentation |
| adverse effects of consyntropin: | hypersensitivity |
| ACTH is used to help treat: | bedwetting |
| posterior pituitary hormone replacement drug used in prevention and treatment if diabetes insipidus, enuresis (bedwetting), and acute epistaxis (nosebleed) | Desmorpressin acetate (DDAVP) |
| Diabetes Insipidus (DI) happens when: | the posterior pituitary is damaged. The body will freely excrete urine. No vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is in the body. Could also be caused by brain tumor (pituitary tumor). |
| posterior pituitary hormone replacement drug used in preventntion and treatment of DI: | Lypressin (Diapid) |
| adverse effects of posterior pituitary hormone replacement drugs: | conjunctivitis, runny nose, local irritation, congestion of nasal passages, HA, heartburn |
| posterior pituitary homrone replacement drug used in treatment of DI: | vasopressin (ADH, Pitressin) |
| Adverse effects of vasopressin: | circumoral pallor (pale around mouth), abdominal cramps, nausea, sweating, tremor, severe HA |
| influence immune response; regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism, and antiinflammatory repsonse; act by entering target cells and binding to receptors, initiating many comples reactions in the body | glucocorticoids |
| used is replacement therapy, allergic conditions, collagen diseases, shock, adrenocoritical insufficiency, etc | glucocorticoids |
| adverse effects of glucocorticoids: | has many adverse reactions; s/s of Cushing's syndrome (buffalo hump, moon face, oily skin, acne, osteoporosis, purple striae on abdomen and hips, skin pigmentation, weight gain, hypertension) |
| adrenal hormone-inhibiting drug used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome | aminoglutehimide (Cytadren) |
| adrenal hormone-inhibiting drug used in the treatment of adrenocoritcal carcinoma | mitotane (Lysodren) |
| adrenal hormone-inhibiting drug used in diagnosis of pituitary function: | metyrapone (Metopirone) |
| adverse effects of adrenal hormone-inhibiting drugs | nausea, abdominal distress, HA, drowsiness, dizziness, morbilliform (rash) |
| act to conserve sodium and increase potassium excretion; deficiencies result in a loss of sodium and retention of potassium; used as replacement therapy for deficiency | mineralcorticoids |
| mineralcorticoid medications: | Aldosterone, desoxycorticosterone (DOCA), fludrocortisone (Flurinef) |
| adverse effects of mineralcorticoids | edema, htn, CHF, enlargement of the heart, increased sweating, allergic skin rash, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, HA, hypersensitivity reactions |
| hormone secreted by the ovarian follicle and the adrenal cortex; important in the development and maintenance of female reportductive system | estrogen |
| estrogen medications: | Premarin, Estraderm |
| Uses of estrogen: | contraceptive, hormone replacment therapy, vasomotor symptoms of menopause |
| adverse effects of estrogen: | headache, migraine, dizziness, mental depression, chloasma, melasma (skin discolorations), n/v, abdominal cramps, pruritus, breakthrough bleeding, spotting, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, libido changes, breast tenderness |
| transforms the proliferate endometrium into a secretory endometrium; necessary for the development of the placenta and inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonatotropins, preventing maturation of ovarian follicle and ovulation; causes menopause | progestin drugs |
| uses of progestin drugs: | amenorrhea, endometriosis, functional uterine bleeding, contraception |
| adverse effects of progestin drug: | breakthrough bleeding, spotting, change in menstual flow, amenorrhea, breast tenderness, edema, weight increase or decrease, acne, chloasma, melasma, depression |
| estrogen and progestin combinations | contraceptive hormones |
| Contraceptive hormones are: | monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic |
| testosterone and its derivatives - collectively called androgens | male hormones |
| male hormone; actuate the reporductive process in men; aid in the development of male secondary sex characteristics; promote anabolism and catabolism | androgens |
| androgen medications | fluoxymesterone and testosterone |
| stimulates the growth in size of accessory sex organs at puberty | testosterone |
| replacement therapy for testosterone deficiency, inoperable metastatic breast cancer | androgens |
| adverse effects of androgens: | gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, impotence, nausea, jaundice, headache, anxiety, male pattern baldness, depression, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, virilization |
| located in the neck in front of the trachea; highly vascular gland that secretes 2 hormones | thyroid gland |
| thyroid secretes: | thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |
| _______ is essential element in hormone production. | Iodine |
| Activity regulated by: | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (?) |
| Two diseases related to hormone-producing activity: | hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism |
| antithyroid used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxic crisis | propylthiouracil (PTU) |
| antithyroid used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism; strong iodine solution (Lugol's Solution); used in preparation for thyroidectomy | Methimazole (Topazol) |
| antithyroid used in the short-term treatment of Graves disease and thyrotoxic crisis | potassium iodide solution (SSKI) |
| adverse effects of potassium iodide solution (SSKI) | hypothyroidism |
| act to increase metabolic rate; replacement therapy in hypothyroidism, euthyroid creation, thyrotoxicosis | thyroid hormones |
| thyroid hormone drugs | levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) |
| adverse effects of thyroid hormones: | palpitations, tachycardia, nervousness, headache, insomnia, diarrhea |
| assists parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in regulating calcium | hypocalcemic drugs |
| hypocalcemic medication | vitamin D |
| hypercalcemic drug used in the treatment of osteoporosis, Paget's disease | Miacalcin |
| hypercalcemic drug used in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, steroid-induced osterporosis, male osteoporosis, Paget's disease | Fosamax |
| hypercalcemic drug used in treatment of Paget's disease and hypercalcemia associated with malignancy | Didronel |
| hypercalcemic drug used in the treatment of portmenopausal osteoporosis, steroid-induced osteoporosis, Paget's disease | Actonel |
| hypercalcemic drug used in the treatment of hypercalcemia associated with malignancy | Ganite |
| adverse reactions to hypercalcemic drugs: | facial flushing, nausea |
| ____________ is the hypercalcemic drug most often seen. | Fosomax |
| When taking a hypercalcemic drug, sit up for ________ afterward. | sit up. |
| The next questions were gone over as a review for the test. :) | :) |
| for short-term relief of GI upset, use: | antacid |
| to treat peptic ulcer, use: | Histamine H-2 Receptors |
| to treat gastric ulcer, use: | proton pump inhibitors |
| difference in using proton pump inhibitors or histamine h2 receptors is determined by: | location in the stomach |
| Do proton pump inhibitors work immediately? | no - take 1-2 weeks |
| Can antacids be taken with proton pump inhibitors? | NO |
| Can antacids be taken with histamine H2 receptors? | yes |
| when treating for GERD, will relief be imediate? | no - builds up over time |
| How long does it take antacids to work? | 30 min - 1 hour |
| Know basic info about insulin | -- |
| To find medication to treat ulcers, it is usually done with: | trial and error |
| If a pt has abdominal pain because of spicy foods, what should they take? | antacid |
| For duodenal ulcer, the most common drug used to treat is: | Protonix (an H2 receptor) |
| If a pt has abdominal bloating, what would be given? | antiflatulent |
| If a pt is alcoholic, how would an ulcer be treated? | with an antispasmotic AND anticholinergic |
| Most effective anticholinergic for irritable bowel syndrome and has minimal side effects: | Anaspaz |
| used to clearly evacuate bowel before diagnostic procedure | saline laxative |
| If pt has been on Ex-Lax it would be important to check: | electrolyte balance - to see if potassium is in balance because of potassium - can effect heart (cardiac) cells |
| Medication given to breakdown gall stones (which can be caused by excess cholesterol) | Chenix - chenodyle (spelling??) |
| Simethecone | takes the foam off - antiflatulant |
| Disulfiram | drug of choice for alcoholism - makes alcohol taste horrible - will make you very sick if you drink alcohol or take anything with alcohol in it. |
| Teach patients to _____________ when taking laxatives. | drink lots of water |
| If taking med for constipation, you should/should not take medication with milk? | should not (Milk can cause constipation and aggrevate irritable bowel syndrome) |
| When drawing up anticoagulants: | change needle after drawing up |
| Concentrate on classifications and teaching of drugs. |
Created by:
akgalyean
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