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10/10/11 Lecture
Biol200
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If delta G is negative (-) | Energy is released, reaction is exergonic, reaction is spontaneous. |
| If delta G is positive (+) | Energy is invested, reaction is endergonic, reaction is not spontaneous. |
| Delta H = | enthalpy, heat content, potential energy |
| Delta S = | entropy, randomness, disorder |
| Spontaneous (-delta G) rxns tend to | either release heat or increase entropy or both! All biological reactions are spontaneous! |
| How many rxns have ATP as a reactant? | Adenosine Triphosphate, high G bonds due to (-) charges repelling, 2O = ADP + P |
| Actual Biological Rxns: | glutamate + ATP = ADP then glutamate with a phosphate group + ammonia = glutamine + P |
| Why are most reactions slow? | high energy, unstable intermediate, carbon has 5 bonds. Transition state intermediate has higher G than reactants or products. |
| Catalyst | molecule that decreases activation energy of reaction |
| Enzymes | catalysts that are proteins. Enzyme stabilizes the transition state. |
| Active Site | part of enzyme that interacts with substrate. Atoms of the protein in active site will interact with substrate. |
| Activators | 1. Co-factors (metal ions) Fe+2, Zn+2, Cu+2 2. Coenzymes (organic) Heme, quinone, vitamins Activators increases enzyme's affinity for substrate |
| Inhibitors | 1. Competitive inhibitors 2. Irreversible inhibitors (covalently bind in active site) |
| Allosteric (other site) | inhibitors bind outside of active site, but change overall conformation of the protein |
| Lipids | mainly hydrophobic, come in 2 types. 1. Glycerol-based molecules: fats/oils (triglycerides) and phospholipids 2. Sterols: cholesterol and steroid hormones |
| Triglycerides | compose of glycerol (carbohydrate), water, and 3 fatty acids |
| Phospholipids | have polar heads, phosphates, glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails |
| Cholesterol | is hydrophobic and polar, can be found as a component of animal cell membranes. |
| Steroid hormones | used for cell communication. Include reproduction (progesterone and testosterone) and stress response (cortisol) |
| Eukaryote Cell Membrane | 50% lipid, 50% protein. Outside of cell: carbohydrate chains on protein s and lipids) Inside of cell: cholesterol and membrane proteins. Membrane is used as identification or as protection. |
| Lipid bilayer is | selectively permeable (non-polar molecules CO2, O2, CH4) (small polar H2O) (large polar ions K+, Na+, glucose) |
| Permeability depends on composition | Saturated-less fluid, less permeable. Unsaturated-more fluid, more permeable. Cholesterol-change fluidity of these membranes in opposite ways |
Created by:
c13luong
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