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Biology 9 Weeks Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemosynthesis | process of producing food used by autotrophs without light; turns CO2, hydrogen sulfide, and oxygen into carbohydrates and sulfur compounds. |
| ecological footprint | the amount of productive land appropriated on average by each person (in the world, a country, etc) for food, water, transport, housing, waste management, and other purposes |
| "oikos" | houses |
| biome | group of ecosystems; a large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region |
| primary producer. | autotroph; bottom of the food chain |
| photosynthesis. | process of producing food used by autotrophs with light; turns CO2, H2O, and light energy into oxygen and carbohydrates |
| heterotroph. | organism that acquires energy from other organisms |
| consumers. | heterotrophs |
| carnivore | flesh-eating organism; primarily hunts/captures prey (lion) |
| scavenger | animal or other organism that feeds on dead organic matter; primarily doesn't hunt (vulture) |
| decomposer | organism that feeds by chemically breaking down matter (fungus) |
| herbivore | organism that eats plants (cow) |
| omnivore | organism that eats plants and animals (human) |
| detrivore | organism that eats decomposers by breaking down detritus (earthworm) |
| trophic level | each step in a food chain/web |
| ecological pyramid | shows relative amount of energy/matter contained within each trophic level |
| biomass | total amount of living tissue in a trophic level |
| biogeochemical cycles | closed loops powered by the flow of energy; pass along elements |
| nutrient | chemical substance organisms need to survive |
| nitrogen fixation | bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia |
| denitrification | soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds (nitrates) back into nitrogen gas |
| limiting nutrient | nutriant whose supply limits productivity |
| biological processes | all activities performed by living organisms (breathing) |
| geological processes | major movements of matter within/below the Earth's surface (volcanic eruptions) |
| chemical and physical processes | formation of clouds/precipitation, flow of running water, and action of lightning |
| human activity | affect cycles of matter on a global scale (burning fossil fuels) |
| water cycle | water continuously moves between the oceans, the atmosphere, and land; sometimes ouside living organisms and sometimes inside them |
| carbon cycle | carbon cycles through the biosphere in many ways (fossil fuels) |
| nutrient limitation | if ample sunlight and water are available, the primary productivity of an ecosystem may be limited by the availability of nutrints |
| weather | day-to-day conditions of Earth's atmosphere |
| climate | average conditions over long period of time; a regions climate is define by year-after-year patterns of temperature and precipitation |
| microclimate | created when environmental conditions vary over small distances |
| global climate | shaped by many factors, including solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents |
| solar energy | main force that shapes our climate |
| greenhouse effect | greenhouse gases allow visible light to enter but trapping heat |
| tolerance | the ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances |
| habitat | the general place where an organism lives |
| niche | the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce |
| resource | necessity of life |
| competition exclusion principal | no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time |
| dividing resources | competition over resources helps determine the number and kinds of species in a community and the niche each species occupies |
| predation | an interaction in which on animal captures and feeds on another animal; predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed |
| herbivory | an interaction in which one animal feeds on producers; herbivores can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow |
| keystone species | single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community |
| symbiosis | relationship in which two species live closely together; main classes are mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one organism is harmed |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected |
| ecological succession | series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time; ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in |
| primary succession | succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community |
| pioneer species | first species to colonize barren areas |
| secondary succession | succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances; in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community |
| canopy | dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees |
| understory | layer in a rain forest found underneath the canopy; formed by shorter trees and vines |
| deciduous | term used to refer to a type of tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions; temperature and pH affect the activity; proteins; catalysts (lower activation energy); are specific and only catalyze one chemical reaction |
| enzyme-substrate complex | for a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds will be broken and new bonds will be formed; enzymes provide a site where reactants are brought together; reactant of enzymes are called substrates |
| activation energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| energy release | when something releases energy, you usually hear or see something; chemical reactions that release energy occur on their own |
| energy absorption | chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy |
| atoms | protons and neutrons are about the same mass; protons and neutrons make up the nucleus; electrons form a constantly moving cloud around the nucleus |
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ferrets77
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