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Biology PP 32-33
Speciation and Classification of Biological Diveristy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| natural selection | environment selects for adapted characteristics; over time, the pop. changes so the traits of the more successful reproducers increase in allele frequency. |
| Why is genetic diversity important to the survival of a pop. | because it provides the material for natural selection |
| What is one factor to cause endanger population | reduced variation |
| name the forms of selection | stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, directional selection |
| stabilizing selection | eliminate both extreme phenotypes |
| disruptive selection | eliminate intermediate phenotypes |
| directional selection | eliminate a single extreme phenotype |
| Give an example of stabilizing selection | sickle-cell allele |
| give an example of heterozygote advantage | heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele have less susceptibility to malaria. |
| Give an example of directional selection | Drosophila flies that flew toward light were eliminated from the pop. the remaining flies were mated and the experiment repated for 20 generation; so curve toward flies in the dark |
| Give an example of disruptive selection | Large beak bird can open tough shells; small beak bird handle small seed; an intermediate would be lousy at handling big or small seeds. |
| Name the 5 steps of natural selection | (just key words) 1) more offspring survive; vary in traits; variation passed on; adapt to environ; favorable alleles becomes more frequent |
| definition of specie | groups that are reproductively-isolated |
| speciation (macroevolution) | formation of new species |
| microevolution | changes in frequency of alleles |
| biological species concept | species are group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural pop, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups." |
| reproductively isolated pop. | pop. whose members do not mate with each other or who cannotproduce fertile offspring |
| Two-part process speciation | 1) identical pop. must diverge; 2) reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain these differences |
| reasons that pop. become isolate | new colonization (bird blown away to different island); barriers (mountain); extinction of intermediate pop (sunflower in different places) |
| Prezygotic isolating mechanisms | geographic isolation; ecological isolation |
| geographic isolation | species occur in different areas, which are often separated by a barrier like river mountain |
| ecological isolation | species occur in same area but they occupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environment of their parents. |
| temporal isolation | species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day |
| behavioral isolation | species differ in their mating rituals |
| mechanical isolation | structual differences between species prevent mating |
| prevention of gamete fusion | gametes of one species function poorly species or within the reproductive tract of another species. |
| hybrid inviabile | hybridzation between sheep and goats produces embroys that die in the early stages |
| hybrids subvital | wouldn't survive in the wild |
| hybrids sterile, give example | reduced fertility - hybridization betwn horse and donkey produce sterile mules |
| Instantaneous speciation may occur how? | through polyploidy |
| explain speciation through polyploidy | Failure in meiosis produce diploid gametes; not viable w/parent haploid gametes; self-fertilization produce a fertile tetraploid zygote, a new species. |
| True or false: a new species may arise without geographic isolation | true |
| Give an example of a polypoid plant | wheat |
| Why does bacteria evolve faster than eukaryotes? | 20 min. generation time; large pop. w/lots of genetic diversity; get genes via horizontal transfer |
| The excessive use of antibiotics is leading to the evolution of what? | antibiotic-resistant bacteria |
| What is taxonomy | the branc of biology that identifies and name organisms |
| Name the hierarchical system | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| what is phylogeny? | the evolutionary history of species |
| 3 domain system | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| Name the kingdom of eukarya | protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| What is archaea cloesly related to? | eukarya |
| Phylogenetic tree | models base on homology |
| homology | shared characteristics that have been inherited from a common ancestor |
| What is a phylogenetic tree of animals based on? | embryonic development and anatomical structures |
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