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GRCC 121 cell metabo
GRCC 121 cell metabolism Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The totall of all chemical reactions within a cell | metabolism |
| The process that releases energy from molecules | Respiration |
| e.g. of respiration | glycolosis and ATP |
| States of energy | Kinetic & potential |
| energy performing work; energy in action | Kinetic |
| energy that is stored and has future work potential due to chemistry or location. | Potential |
| e.g. potential | fat ball @ top of stairs; gas in car |
| e.g. kinetic | Rollercoaster in motion; start car |
| Gas in the car vs starting the car | Gas is the potential energy; starting the car is kinetic energy |
| The study of energy transfer | Thermodynamics. |
| Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be transformed | 1- Law of thermodynamics. |
| e.g. law of thermodynamics | lighting a match |
| When energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat (entropy) | 2 - law of thermodynamics |
| entropy | Energy lost to heat |
| Chemical reactions in cell metabolism: Endergonic | Net input of energy into reacion; energy being stored |
| Production of fat molecules and photosynthesis | e.g. of endergonic |
| chemical reactions in cell metabolism: exergonic | Release of energy from reaction. |
| Cell respiration is the breaking down of glucose | e.g. of exergonic |
| e.g. of exergonic | Burning wood - wood gets its nutrients from photosynthesis from the sun, and is made of solid glucose- when burned, the glucose energy is released. |
| Initiating Chemical Reactions: Energy of Activation (Ea) | the amount of energy required to initiate a reactions. |
| One single match catch start a full size log on fire...the amount of flame needs to equal the size of the log you are trying to burn | e.g. of Energy of Activation |
| Initiating Chemical Reactions: Enzymes | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions. |
| How does an enzyme speed up chemical reaction? | by lowering the Energy of Activation required |
| without becoming a part of the reaction | How does an enzyme speed up chemical reaction? |
| Enzyme dynamics | Can break or build molecules via dehydration synthesis and hydrolosys |
| Enzyme Dynamics include: | Substrate, active sites, metabolic pathways (enzyme cascades), Enzyme activation. |
| Enzyme Dynamics: Substrate | The substance upon which the enzyme acts. |
| lactase enzyme that splits lactose | e.g. of a substrate |
| how are enzymes named? | after their substrate and ending in "-ase" |
| proteinase | protein splitting enzyme |
| lipase | lipids splitting enzyme |
| lactase | lactose splitting enzyme |
| Enzyme dynamics: Active site | Region of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate. |
| Substrate shape must match the shape of ________ to work? | Active sites |
| Enzyme dynamics: Metabolic pathways (enzyme cascades) | A series of enzyme-controlled chemical reaction that produces a product. |
| If an enzyme is missing, then the product is not going to work | Illustrates how metabolic pathway works if the series of enzymes is altered. |
| Each enzyme works differently in a series, if one is missing in the series, what might happen to this metabolic pathway? | The product will not be produced due to the missing enzyme. |
| Enzyme dynamics: Enzyme activation are enzymes that may require activation by? | Cofactors and coenzymes |
| Co factors | Ion (inorganic) that assist an enzyme; non protein component |
| Browning banana- changing the tertiary structure activates enzyme catacholase + Fe | Polyphenol is an anti-fungal that causes the brown coloration of a banana |
| co enzymes | organic molecule that assists enzymes |
| This is usually composed of vitamins | Coenzymes |
| Enzymes that are inactive until this non protein component is introduced | Co factor |
| Inorganic molecule | What type of molecule is a cofactor? |
| Organic molecule | What type of molecule is a coenzyme? |
| The CAUSE of Inborn erros of metabolism | INHERITED mutations that affect metabolic pathways. |
| The RESULT of Inborn errors of metabolism | Substrates build up and products are SCARCE or NON-EXISTENT |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity | Temp, radiation, electricity, pH, Salt, inhibitors. |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: TEMP | As temp Increases, enzyme action increases to a point. |
| Temp increases to a point, until the protein denatures is referred to as | A fever |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: RADIATION | Consequences on hydrogen bonds - H bonds break causing enzyme to denature |
| How does Radiation causes the collapse of metabolic pathway? | H bonds break and enzymes denature. |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: Electricity | Destroys enzymes and can take up to 72 hours for person to die. |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: pH | Adding lemon juice to guacamole lowers the pH, increases the acidity; less h bonds denaturing enzyme prevents browning |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: salt | enzyme that can denature protein |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity: Inhibitors | Chemicals that interferes with enzyme activity sites. |
| cyanide denatures respiratory enzymes | e.g. inhibitor which affects enzyme activity |
| Enzyme Inhibitors | A lot of pharmacy drugs are created based on this action. |
| types of enzyme inhibitors | competitive and noncompetitive |
| Enzyme inhibitor: competitive | Mimics the substrate and completes the active site |
| Enzyme inhibitor: Noncompetitive | binds to the enzyme away from the active site, but alters the conforming to the enzyme |
| Goal of noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor | The active site is no longer fully functional. |
| Goal of competitive enzyme inhibitor | Competes with substrate by attaching to active site, prevents or inhibits enzyme it doing the action |
| e.g. of enzyme inhibitors: penicillion | inhibits enzyme that produces cellwalls in bacteria. |
| Result of inherited mutation: Phenylketonuria (PKU) | The cause is an absence or deficiency of the enzyme that processes the amino acid phenylalanine |
| Substrates are activated by enzymes & if there is lack of enzyme, substrate will not turn on leading to deficiency | What are inborn errors of metabolism- |
Created by:
Wends1984
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