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Pharmacology Ch 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many medications used to treat the GI system are available: | OTC |
| Three main types of medications to treat the GI system: | antacids, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors |
| The 3 main types of GI meds: | restore or maintain the lining of the GI tract; affect the general motility of the GI tract; affect the motility of the colon in the GI tract |
| neutralize HCl acid and increase gastric pH; used in the treatment of hyperacidity | antacids |
| antacid medications: | Amphogel, Tums, OsCal, Riopan |
| Drug interactions with antacids: | Tetracycline (will raise HCl production in the stomach), enteric medications, digitalis, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, hydantoin, and propanolol, Cimetidine; cigarette smoking interferes with antacids |
| Adverse effects of antacids: | Most common are associated w/acid-base and electroylyte levels, malaise, anorexia, bowel obstruction, bradyarrhythmia, asystole in severe cases |
| An acid-base inbalance could cause: | heart rhythm disruptions |
| promote healing of ulcers and act with antacids to produce more alkaline conditions | Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists |
| Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist Meds | cimetidine (Tagament), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid) |
| Used for gastric or duodenal ulcer, gastric hypsecretory conditions, GERD | Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists |
| adverse effects of Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists: | dizziness, somnolence, headache, confusion, hallucinations, diarrhea, impotence |
| suppress gastric acid secretion by blocking the production of gastric acid; for use with gastric and duodenal ulcers, GERD | proton pump inhibitors |
| Examples of proton pump inhibitor meds: | esomeprazole (Prilosec), Iansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Nexium) |
| Drug interations with proton pump inhibitors: | oral anticoagulants, diazepam, phenytoin |
| Adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors: | headach, diarrhea, abdominal pain |
| Nursing considerations for proton pump inhibitors: | |
| Used in treatment of duodenal ulcers; adverse effects: constipation; Carafate | mucosal protectants |
| spontaneous but unconscious movement of food through the GI tract | motility |
| antispasmodic agents that act with antacids in continuing the therapeutic benefits of both; slows gastric emptying | anticholinergics |
| Uses of anticholinergics: | treat peptic ulcer disease, hypermotility, irritable colon, and acute pancreatitis |
| anticholinergic meds: | scolpolamine (ear patches), dicyclomine, Librax |
| adverse reactions to anticholinergics: | rapid weak pulse, dysphagia, dilation of the pupils, photophobia, flushing, dry mouth; some contain phenobarbital and may produce convulsions |
| drug interactions with anticholinergics: | anticoagulants, GI stimulants |
| reduce fluid content and decrease peristalsis and motility of intestinal tract; used to treat nonspecific diarrhea | anti-diarrheals |
| adverse reactions of anti-diahhreals: | tachycardia, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headach, sedation |
| adverse effects of absorbant anti-diarrheals: | adbominal fullness, dirarhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort |
| Anticholinergics dry up everything in the body - anti-diarrheals dry up only the: | GI tract |
| decrease intestinal peristalsis; used to treat diarrhea; adverse effects are abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and constipation; dipehnoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), loperamide (Immodium), paragoric | opioid and opioid-derivative antidiarrheals |
| use short-term for relief or pervention of constipation; take as directed; overuse causes the bowel not to work properly; drink a lot of water | laxatives |
| stimulant laxative used in treatment of constipation and colon evacuation | Dulcolax, Senokot |
| stimulant laxative used in the treatment of constipation and straining | Cascara |
| stimulant laxative used in the treatment of consitpation | Neoloid, Ex-Lax, Correctol |
| Adverse effects of stimulant laxatives: | N/V, abdominal cramping, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration, electroyte imbalance |
| bulk laxative used in the treatment of chronic constipation | Metamucil |
| bulk laxative used in prevention of straining and treatment of diarrhea | FiberCon |
| adverse effects of bulk laxatives: | abdominal fullness, flatulence, cramps |
| lubricant laxative used in treatment of constipation, fecal impaction, and prevention of straining; adverse effects are anorexia, N/V, nutritional deficiencies | mineral oil |
| Used in short term relief of occasional constipation; MOM, Glycerol | hyperosmotic laxatives |
| bowel evacuation solution | GoLYTELY |
| Used in treatment of chronic constipation and lowers ammonia | Cephulac, Chronulac |
| hyperosmotic laxative that can cause abdominal cramping, rectal irritation or burning, hyperemia of rectal mucosa | Glycerol |
| hyperosmotic laxative that can cause N/V, abdominal distention, flatulence, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, hyperglycemia, increased hepatic encephalopathy | Chronulac |
| used in prevention of straining; adverse effects include bitter taste, nausea, mild cramping | stool softeners |
| Stool softeners: | Colace, Surfak, Dialose |
| medication with defoaming action (simethicone), absorbent that reduces the amount of gas (charcoal); used for relief of excess gas; has no adverse effects | antiflatulents |
| antiflatulent medications | simethicone, charcoal |
| used in the treatment of gastric motility problems as well as N/V | antiemetics |
| antiemitic drugs: | Phenothiazine, Compazine, Penergan |
| adverse effects to antiemetics: | drowsiness, hypotension, anticholinergic effect |
| used in treatment of emetogenic chemotherapy; adverse effects are HA, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, agitation, insomnia, diarrhea, constipation | serotonin antagonists |
| serotonin antagonist medications: | Kytril, Zofran |
| used in the treatment of gastric stasis; adverse effects include drowiness, restlessness, fatigue, diarrhea, and EPS | prokinetic |
| Prokinetic medication: | Reglan |
| drug used to induce vomiting; used to empty the stomach rapidly after ingestion of a poison or a drug overdose | emetics |
| emetic medication: | syrup of ipecac |
| adverse effects of emetics: | danger of aspiration of vomitus, diarrhea, drowsiness, mild GI upset |
| used for replacement therapy for malabsorption syndrome | digestive enzymes |
| digestive enzyme medications: | Pancreatin; Pancrease |
| Adverse effects of digestive enzymes and intestinal flora modifiers: | with high doses - anorexia, ulcerative stomatitis, nausea, cramping, vomiting, perianal irritation |
| used in the prevention and treatment of superinfection | intestinal flora modifier |
| intestinal flora modifier medications: | Acidophilus Lactobacillus, Lactinex |
Created by:
akgalyean
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