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Stimulating Beverage
Ethnobotany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alkaloids | caffeine, nicotine, morphine, cocain, and ephedrine |
| alkaloid | secondary compound (metabolite) that contains nitrogen, synthesized from amino acids and provides a bitter taste |
| alkaloids function in plants | prevent herbivory and act as a natural pesticide |
| allelopathy | reduced competition (plants release caffeine into soil to do this) |
| caffeine | central nervous system stimulant |
| adenosine | neurotransmitter whose levels increase with increased stress and is meant to suppress neural activity and increase neural blood flow and helps with the sleep-wake cycle |
| neurotransmitter | chemical that acts as signals in the central nervous system |
| caffeine and adenosine | similar in shape |
| affects of caffeine | blocks adenosine signal |
| physical effects of caffeine | speed up heartrate, increase blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, stimulate respiration, increase metabloic rate (10%), increase stomach acidity, and acts as a mild diuretic (increases urine output) |
| benefits of caffeine | reduces fatigue and drowsiness, promotes alertness and endurance, enhances pain-relieving effects of aspirin and acetominophen (Tylenol), and constricts dilated blood vessels that cause headaches (alleviates pain) |
| more benefits of caffeine | appetite suppressant, improves athletic performance (draws on fat reserves for energy - releases glycerol and fatty acids to bloodstream - and increases motor skills of conditioned reflexes) |
| questionable benefits of caffeine | antioxidant (fight cancer, reduce heart disease, and reduce effects of aging), linked with decreased incidence of Parkinson's disease, and reduced risk of developing Type II diabetes |
| negative effects of caffeine | insomnia, nervousness and irritability, anxiety, rapid heartbeat (palpitations), muscle twitches, linked to birth defects and infertility, addictive (chemical addiction), and caffeinism (caffeine dependency) |
| symptoms of caffeine withdrawal | low energy levels, tired, irritable, nervous, restless, unable to work/focus, headache, stomach ache/pain |
| caffeine intoxication | ingestion of 300-400 mg (adult) which leads to an acute overdose of caffeine |
| caffeine intoxication | causes central nervous system over-stimulation (irregular/rapid heartbeat, extreme nervousness and irritability, muscle twitches) and "rambling and excited flow of thought and speech" |
| toxic and fatal levels | 150-200 mg per kilogram of body weight (80-100 cups of coffee) |
| Coffee | Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae family - plant family) |
| coffee | evergreen tree or shrub that is native to Ethipia (Africa) |
| coffee | grows in clusters of small, white, fragrant flowers in axils of leaves, inferior ovary with simple, opposite leaves |
| coffee fruit | a berry called the "coffee cherry" that has 2 seeds per berry known as coffee beans, and the tree starts bearing fruit after 3-5 years and bears fruit for 35-40 years |
| 1400s | coffee spread to Arabia - Yemen where the brewed coffee was used as a stimulant during prayers |
| 1600s | coffee spread throughout Europe leading to coffeehouses which caused a political and religious debate |
| 1706 | single coffee plant to Amsterdam Botanical Garden and the offspring of this tree went to Paris (Jardin des Plantes) |
| New World Coffee History | introduced to Caribbean and Central America from Paris and introduced to Guinana from Amsterdam |
| Coffee | grown in tropical and subtropical areas that get 150-250 cm of rain per year at are at 3000-6000 ft elevation for the cool temperatures (about 20 degrees Celsius), do not tolerate frost |
| Brazil and Colombia | leading producer so coffee |
| coffee | largest crop in Latin America (44% of cropland) |
| coffee | second most widely traded commodity to oil |
| Coffea arabica | 75% of world coffee production and has richer/best flavor, is self-compatible (self-fertilization), but is being infected by coffee rust (fungal infection) |
| Coffea canephora | approx. 25% of world production and has a harsher, stronger taste (robusta) with a higher caffeine content than C. arabica, but is resistant to coffee rust - grown in areas where rust occurs |
| Coffea liberica | bitter coffee (less than 1% of coffee production) and is limited to parts of Africa |
| Coffee processing | hand-picked (labor intensive) |
| 2000 beans | 1 lb. of roasted, ground coffee |
| methods of coffee processing | 1. fleshy pericarp separated from seeds using the dry method (dried in sun, pericarp rasped (filed) off) or the wet method (fruits de-pulped by machine, seeds washed, coffee fermentation (enzymatic - develops aroma)) 2. seeds dried in sun for a week |
| roasting beans | light roast: 200-218 C, dark roast: 230 C, Vienna: 240 C, and French 250 C |
| General rule of coffee roasting | the lighter the bean, the milder and sweeter the coffe, but the darker the bean, the stronger and less weet the flavor |
| during roasting | essential oil caffeol is released causing the aroma |
| roasting | helps break down cell walls (aids in grinding) |
| decaffeination method | 1. chemical extraction - solvent extraction (caffeine dissolved in ethyl acetate) - beans (green softened by steam) |
| decaffeination method | 2. Swiss-water method - green beans soak in solution that contains all chemical components of coffee except caffeine (caffeine diffuses into solution out of beans) |
| Theobroma cacao | seed of the cacao tree |
| chocolate (cacao) | cultivated by Aztecs (Mexico) before arrival of Spanish explorers |
| Theobroma | "food of the gods" |
| chocolate | native to tropical C. and S. America |
| leading producers (chocolate) | Ivory Coast, Ghana, Brazil |
| cacao | cultivate in tropical Americas, Africa, and Asisa |
| cacao | needs a wet climate, warm temperatures (20 degrees north and south of the equator) |
| 1528 | cacao introduced to Spain |
| 1828 | Conrad Van Houten developed process to remvoe fat (cocao butter) from seeds to yeld cocoa powder |
| 1847 | Fry and Sons (England) created the first chocolate bar (cocoa butter + sugar + ground, roasted seeds) |
| Theobroma cacao | Sterculiaceae familiy |
| cauliflorous | flowers emerge from woody trunk and large branches (area with no leaves) |
| Theobroma cacao | pollinated by midge (in leaf litter on forest floor) |
| Theobroma cacao fruit | indehiscent pod that is yellow or orange at maturity and has 20-40 ivory colored seeds that are surrounded by a white, sweet pulp |
| fungal infection | endanger world chocolate production because they destroy cacao pod and seeds (frosty pod, witch's broom and black pod rot) |
| cacao harvest | pods harvested and split using machete (labor intensive) and they use child, slave labor (esp. in the Ivory Coast and Gabon) |
| cacao processing | seeds ferment for up to 1 weeks and they are dried and the beans are roasted at 100-120 C for 45 - 70 minutes |
| large cotyledons (nibs) (cacao processing) | crushed to produce dark brown oily paste (chocolate liquor) |
| liquor | 1. solidified into a paste, 2. cocoa butter (fat) removed using heat (collected) 3. brown cake remaining pulverized to make cocoa powder (alkali added to neutralize acidity of cocoa (dutchign) |
| negative effects of chocolate | obesity, acne, food allergies, tooth decay and migraines |
| benefits of chocolate | "feelings of euphoria" linked to cannabinoids (additive), linked to increased HDL cholesterol, lower triglyceride levels, and antioxidants (lower LDL cholesterol and stimulate immune function), and alkaloids (stimulate central nervous system) |
| cocoa butter | added to liquor to produce chocolate for candy and is the main ingredient in white chocolate - also used in suntan lotions, soaps, and moisturizers |
| seeds of the kola tree | Cola nitida - Sterculiaceae family of W. Africa |
| Coca cola | fermented, dried, and pulverized seeds |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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