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SUPA 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| potential energy | energy of position |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | all energy slowly and progressively changes to heat |
| entropy | degree of disorder in a system |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| phosphorylation | adding of phosphate group |
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation | using proton differential to generate ATP |
| coenzymes | make enzymes active |
| endergonic | reaction in which energy is absorbed |
| exergonic | reaction that releases energy |
| stroma | watery fluid of chloroplast |
| thylakoids | functional unit of chloroplasts |
| grana | stacks o thylakoids |
| lumen | inner compartment of thylakoid |
| lamellae | connections between grana |
| photosystems | clusters of light absorbing pigments in the thylakoid membrane |
| chlorophyll | light absorbing pigment in photosystems |
| electron transport system | use energy from photosystems to pump protons across thylakoid membrane |
| ATP synthases | contain phosphorylating enzymes |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electrons |
| two stages of photosynthesis | 1) light-dependent 2) light-independent |
| two purposes of light-dependent reactions | 1) build chemiosmotic gradient to generate ATP 2) reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
| carotenoids | yellow or orange accessory pigment |
| phycobilins | accessory pigment found in red and blue green algae |
| photons | particles of light energy |
| used to observe chloroplasts | elodea |
| stomata | openings in leaves |
| guard cells | regulate stomata |
| noncyclic photophosphorylation | generates ATP and NADPH |
| source of electrons for noncyclic photophosphorylation | water |
| cyclic photophosphorylation | electrons passed from PSI to ETS and back to PSI; pumps protons into lumen |
| place where protons accumulate in the light-dependent reactions | lumen of thylakoid |
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation occurs when | a pair of protons escapes the lumen through ATP synthase action |
| where the light-independent reactions occur | stroma |
| 2 products from light-dependent reaction that are used in the light-independent reactions | ATP and NADPH |
| purpose of light-independent reactions | to fix CO2 into glucose |
| joins CO2 in light-independent reaction | ribulose biphosphate or diphosphate |
| number of turns of the Calvin-Benson cycle needed to produce one molecule of glucose | 6 |
| cellular respiration | obtaining ATP from food |
| anaerobic respiration | obtaining ATP from food in the absence of oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | obtaining ATP from food by using oxygen |
| glycolysis | first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration |
| place where glycolysis takes place | cytoplasm |
| what happens in glycolysis | glucose is broken into 2 pyruvates |
| cause of muscle fatigue | lactic acid build up from anaerobic respiration |
| where aerobic respiration takes place | mitochondria |
| cycle of aerobic respiration | citric acid or Kreb's |
| where protons accumulate in mitochondria | outer compartment |
| folds of the mitochondria increasing surface area | cristae |
| what's found in the inner mitochondrial membrane | electron transport chains |
| 2 types of anaerobic respiration | 1) lactic acid 2) fermentation |
| formula for chlorophyll a | C55H72O5N4Mg |
| rubisco | enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide uptake in the Calvin cycle |
| photolysis | splitting of water |
| where most photosynthesis occurs in a leaf | mesophyll cells |
Created by:
gaffney
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