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Plant Fibers
Ethnobotany 399
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phlorglucinol | 50%HCl and stains lignin, cell walls, red |
| Trichomes (hairs) | epidermal outgrowths (modified epidermal tissue) --> unicellular or multicellular |
| Ground tissue | includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma (fibers) |
| sclerenchyma | evenly thickened secondary cell walls (lignin - stained red) that are used for mechanical support (strenth) and protection, rigid support |
| sclerenchyma | include sclerids and fibers (not living at maturity) |
| sclerenchyma fibers | elongate, cells in strands or budles that are rigidly supportive |
| vascular tissues | form a continuum throughout the plants to allow unrestricted movement of materials (conducting tissues in plants) |
| xylem | vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the soil upward |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transports organic materials (sugar, etc.) synthesized by the plant |
| vascular bundle | "vein" |
| xylem | complex tissue composed of tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, and parenchyma (only living cells in xylem) |
| tracheids and vessel elements | dead at maturity and are the thick secondary cell wall (lignin) |
| phloem | complex tissue composed of several cell types (parenchyma, sieve tube member, companion cell), often associated with sclerenchyma fibers in vascular bundles |
| surface fibers | associated with seeds and fruits (e.g. cotton, coir (coconut mesocarp) |
| cotton | Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae family) |
| cotton | trichomes from seed coat (epidermal outgrowths), no lignin |
| coir | coconut drupe mesocarp (Cocos nucifera) |
| coir | narrow cells, thick cell walls, lignin in cell walls, short threads about 1 mm long, strong, but less flexible than cotton, and resistant to salt water |
| brown coir | ripe coconuts, used in rugs, brushes, and sacks |
| white coir | immature coconuts, weaker than brown coir |
| Types of textile plant fibers | surface fibers, bast fibers, and hard fibers |
| bast fibers (soft fibers) | soft and flexible, thick-walled phloem cells (non-conducting) from eudicots +/- lignin (support of stem) (eg. jute, hemp, linen) |
| hemp | Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae family) |
| hemp | annual herbs, initially cultivated for fibers not resinous compounds, long fibers (1.5-4.6 m or 5-15 ft.), clothing, cordage, and often blended with other fibers such as flax and cotton |
| Jute | Conchorus sp. (Tiliaceae family) |
| Jute | commercially, most important bast fiber, and is 2nd to cotton (surface fiber) in worldwide production |
| jute | tall, reed-like plants (sack cloth in the Bible), annual herbs with fibers that are 1.8-3 m or 6-10 ft |
| jute | rough, brittle, inelastic, do not hold dyes |
| jute | mostly used for sacks, canvas, twine and floor covering |
| flax (linen) | Linum usitatissimum (linaceae family) |
| flax | oldest textile fiber (Swiss Lake Dwellers, Turkey - 10,000 B.P., Egypt - 5,000 B.P.), Native to Europe and western Asia |
| flax | annual herb with fibers that are 0.3-0.9m (1-3 ft.) and are 2-3x stronger than cotton |
| hard fibers | from the leaves of monocots (parallel venation, long, strap-like leaves) |
| hard fibers | hard and stiff, bundles of fibers associated with vascular bundles that have lignin (eg. sisal, henequen (Agave sp.) and are used to make sacks, mats and tea bags and reinforc rubber |
| types of fiber extraction | retting, scutching, and hackling |
| retting | rots away soft plant pars, gums, and pectins using natural bacteria colonies - some fibers have thicker cell walls that are resistant to bacterial breakdown |
| retting | stagnant water, dew rot on the ground (several weeks) and process does not remove all nonfibrous material |
| scutching | beating and scraping fibers to remove broken epidermal and xylem cells |
| scutching | 1. wash and dry matterial after retting 2. break by rolling - flexible fibers do not break 3. scutching |
| hackling | separate and align fibers by drawing mass of fibers across set of vertial pins |
| decorticating | a process used for leaf (hard) fibers in which the plant material is crushed and the nonfibrous material is scraped away from the fibers |
| ginning | proces used for seed fibers in which the seed is separated from the fibers - (for cotton - ginning followed by cleaning and combing) |
| bleaching fibers | process typically done before dying that removes natural tan or brown pigments |
| secondary xylem | wood and annual rings |
| secondary phloem | inner bark with sclerenchyma fibers |
| wood and bark | produced by vascular cambium |
| wood | also used for pulp/paper |
| transverse section | cross-section |
| radial section | a longitudinal section cut parallel to the radius of a cylinder |
| tangential section | longitudinal section cut at right anles to the radius of a cylinder |
| conifer wood | softwood, simple wood (not as complex as angiosperm wood) - has no vessel elements, has tracheid (most of cells), parenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
| conifer wood | has a small amount of ray cells (8% of wood volume) which include parenchyma and tracheids |
| resin ducts | parenchyma-lined canals (common in conifers) |
| resin | protect palnt from fungal infection and insect damage (bark bettle) |
| angiosperm wood | hardwood that is more complex than conifer wood and contains vessel elements, tracheids, parenchyma and fibers (sclerenchyma) |
| angiosperm wood | rays are larger with more cell layers and are more numerous than conifer rays and make up about 17% of vood volume |
| resin ducts | less common in angiosperm wood than in conifers |
| angiosperm | may contain laticifers (latex) which is not common in conifers |
| periderm | protective tissue that replaces the epidermis after secondary growth begins, prevents water loss, is produced by the cork cambium |
| periderm | includes cork cells (phellem) with suberin and sometimes lignin in walls, cork cambium (phellogen) and phelloderm (parenchyma) |
| inner bark | phloem (vascular tissue) |
| outer bark | periderm |
| cork oak | Quercus suber (Fagaceae family) |
| cork oak | native to the Mediterranean area and has thick cork which is an adaptation to fire |
| cork oak | has solid, air filled cells that are buoyant, provide insulation, and are durable (withstand compression and retain shape) |
| cork harvest | first harvested at 25 years (virgin cork - low quality) and then harvest every 10 years which are used for stoppers, cork veneers, and barrel bungs |
| bamboo | monocot (Poacae - grass family) that has no real wood (no secondary xylem), but as densely-packed vascular bundles that have sclerenchyma and xylem (primarY) |
| bamboo | 50% cellulose and 30% lignin |
| bamboo | renewable, fast-growing and durable |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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