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Zool 1110 E2
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stomatic Cells | Diploid with twice the number of chromosomes |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Two genetically similar chromosomes, one from each parent |
| Chismata | The site of crossing over between homologous chromosomes |
| Crossing over | Transfer of DNA between two nonsister chromatids, the formation of a synaptonemal complex, between homologous chromosomes |
| Anaphase I | Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles |
| Metaphase I | Paired homologues align, kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules from the same pole |
| Anaphase II | Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles |
| Metaphase II | Does not contribute to genetic diversity, sister chromatids are lined up |
| Meiosis | Only one round of replication for two divisions, Homologous pairing, Replication is suppressed, produces cells that are not identical with half the amount of chromosomes = n, occurs only in germ line cells |
| Telophase I | Most similar Meiosis I phase comparable to Mitosis |
| Meiotic cohesins | Allow centromeres to remain attached during Anaphase I of meiosis |
| Cell with six chromosomes in diploid cell has ___ homologous pairs | Three |
| Prophase I | Sets the stage for the reductive division, when crossover occurs |
| Aneuploid | Gametes with an improper number of chomosomes |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of chomosomes to move to opposite poles during either meiotic division |
| Meiosis II | Similar to mitotic division without DNA replication |
| Alleles | Alternative forms of a gene |
| Homozygous | Containing the same allele from each parent, AA |
| Heterozygous | Containing different alleles from each parent, Aa |
| Genotype | The total set of alleles that an individual contains |
| Phenotype | The physical appearance or other observable characteristics of that individual, which results from an allele's expression |
| Dihybrid Cross | The behavior of two different traits in a single cross |
| Mendel's second law of Heredity | The Principle of Independent Assortment |
| Principle of Independent Assortment states: | In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently, the segregation of different allele pairs is independent |
| Mendel's first law of Heredity | The Principle of Segregation |
| Principle of Segregation states: | The two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, one from each parent, during fertilization |
| Polygenic inheritance | More than one gene contribute to the phenotype of an organism |
| Pleiotropic | An allele that has more than one effect on phenotype |
| The F1 generation of Purple (PP) and white (pp) flowers | Have all Purple flowers |
| An organism's ____ is determined by its ____. | Phenotype, Genotype |
| Height in humans | The action of multiple genes on a single phenotype |
| Genetic Traits | A single gene can affect more than one trait, and traits may be affected by more than one gene |
| X-linked | A sex-linked trait determined by a gene on the X chromosome |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes perfectly matched in males and females, all of the chromosomes other than sex chromosomes |
| Why is white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele | Because the allele is located on the X chromosome and males only have one X |
| Cellular process responsible for genetic recombination | Crossing over between homologues |
| Map distance between two genes is determined by | Recombination Frequency |
| Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial gene differ from sex linkage | Mitochondria are inherited from the mother, females and males are equally affected |
| Dosage compensation | Needed to balance expression of sex chromosomes in both sexes |
| Why is trisomy 21 viable | Chromosome 21 is a small chromosome with few genes so this does less to disrupt the genome |
| Three-point crosses to order genes allow: | Detection of multiple recombination events, and these infrequent events give us the order |
| DNA molecule contains | A phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| Purine | A or G |
| Pyrimidine | T or C or U |
| T | Thymine |
| C | Cytosine |
| A | Adenine |
| G | Guanine |
| U | Uracil |
| Helicase | Unwinds the double helix |
| Primase | Synthesizes RNA primers |
| Single-strand binding protein | Stabilizes single-stranded regions |
| DNA Gyrase | Relieves torque |
| DNA Polymerase III | Synthesizes DNA |
| DNA Polymerase I | Erases primer and fills gaps |
| DNA Ligase | Joins the ends of DNA segments; DNA repair |
| Telomerase | Uses an internal RNA as a template and not the DNA itself |
| Telomers | Found on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protect ends from nucleases and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes, not made by replication complex |
| Griffith's key findings | Genetic material can be transferred from dead to live bacteria |
| DNA | A-T C-G |
| RNA | A-U C-G |
| Bonds that hold two complementary strands of DNA together | Hydrogen Bonds |
| Bonds that hold phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base together | Covalent Bonds |
| Semiconservative DNA replication | Each strand contains one new and one old strand of DNA |
| Watson-Crick model of DNA structure included | DNA composed of two strands, double helix, purines bind to pyrmidines |
| Complimentary Strand of DNA 5'-3' is 5'-3' replicated end to beginning | 5' ATCGTTAAGCGAGTCA 3' replicated to 5' TGACTCGCTTAACGAT 3' |
| Hershey and Chase | Used radioactive phosphorus and sulfur to differentially label DNA and protein |
| Meselson and Stahl | Used density label to distinguish between newly replicated and old strands |
| DNA synthesis requires | Helicase, DNA primase, DNA ligase |
| The synthesis of Telomers | Requires telomerase, which uses an internal RNA as a template |
| Endonuclease | Involved in excision repair |
| Garrod | Concluded that inherited disorders can involve specific enzymes |
| Beadle and Tatum | Showed that genes specify enzymes, bread mold |
| Central dogma of molecular biology | DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
| Template Strand | The strand of DNA that is copied |
| Coding Strand | Same sequence as the RNA transcript, but not used as the template for RNA |
| mRNA | The RNA transcript used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides |
| rRNA | Critical to the function of the ribosome |
| tRNA | Act to interpret information in mRNA and to help position the amino acids on the ribosome |
| Stop Codons for RNA | UAA, UGA, UAG |
| Start Codon for RNA | AUG |
| Code Degenerate/Redundancy | Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon. 64 "words" to code for 20 different amino acids |
| Bacterial ribosomes | Contain three binding sites |
| Nonsense Mutations | When a base is changed such that the transcribed codon is converted to a stop codon, will result in premature termination of translation |
| Frameshift Mutation | Addition or deletion of a single base, altering the reading frame in the mRNA downstream of the mutation |
| Beadle and Tatum | Experiments with nutritional mutants provided evidence that genes specify enzymes |
| Codon | Consists of three nucleotides, specifies a single amino acid |
| Anticodon | Consist of three nucleotides, opposite of Codon, found on tRNA |
| The splicing process | Can produce multiple mRNA from the same transcript |
| During translation, the ribosome must move along the mRNA. This movement | Requires an accessory factor and energy |
| An inversion | Only causes a mutant phenotype if the inversion breakpoints fall within a gene |
| Replication | DNA --> DNA, occurs in nucleus during S phase, entire strand is replicated |
| Transcription | DNA --> RNA, occurs in nucleus, only one gene at a time, only single gene and not whole chromatid is transcribed |
| Translation | RNA --> Protein, occurs in the Ribosome |
| Locus (loci) | The location of the gene on the chromosome |
| Hemizygous | XY, males only |
| Mendelian | 1 Gene, 2 Alleles with dominant-recessive relationship, 3 Genotypes, 2 Phenotypes |
| Incomplete Dominance | 1 Gene, 2 Alleles with incomplete dominant-recessive relationship, 3 Genotypes, More Phenotypes than Genotypes |
| Codominance | 1 Gene, Multiple Alleles with dominant expressed phenotype (2 per person), Multiple Genotypes, More phenotypes than Genotypes |
| RNA | Single stranded, contains Uracil, Sugar present is Ribose |
| Deleterious | Harmful mutation on the gene function and it's associated phenotype |
| Point mutation | Base substitutions, Frameshift mutations, Triplet repeat expansion mutations |
| Chromosomal Mutations | Deletions, Duplication, Inversions, Translocations |
| Deletions | The loss of an entire region of a chromosome |
| Duplications | The addition of entire sections of chromosomes |
| Inversions | A section of Chromosome is broken in two places and then put back together in the opposite order |
| Translocations | A broken piece of chromosome being reattached on another chromosome |
| Proto-oncogenes | Causes Cancer - Genes that encode for the proteins that regulate cell growth - say "replicate, enough space" |
| Tumor-suppressor genes | Prevents development of Cancer - Genes that are negative regulator of growth - say "DNA is bad, do NOT replicate" |
| Protein diversity | All Gene regulation |
| Notch Gene | Important for cell to cell interaction, activates other proteins, named for notch in fly wing with the gene |
| Ancient Enhancers | Genes involved in development |
| Intermediate age Enhancers | Genes encoding receptors |
| Young Enhancers | Genes involved in protein modification (specialization) |
| Notch Signaling | Carcinoma |
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