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Sociology ch. 7-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Violation of norms. | Deviance |
| The violation of norms written into law. | Crime |
| "Blemishes" that discredited a person's claim to a "normal" identity. | Stigma |
| A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend on which they base their lives. | Social order |
| A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms. | Social control |
| An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution. | Negative sanction |
| A reward or positive reaction following norms, ranging from a smile to a material award. | Positive sanction. |
| Inborn tendencies. | Genetic predisposition |
| Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary. | Street crime |
| The view that personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms. | Personality disorders |
| Term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing likelihood that they will become deviant. | Differential association |
| The idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls work against our tendencies to deviate. | Control theory |
| A ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place. | Degradation theory |
| The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. | Labeling theory |
| Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms. | Techniques of neutralization |
| The objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve. | Cultural goals |
| Approved ways of reaching cultural goals. | Institutionalized means |
| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal, but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal. | Strain theory |
| Opportunities for crimes that woven into the texture of life. | Illegitimate opportunity structure |
| Crimes committed by executives to benefit their corporation. | White-collar crime |
| The system of police, courts and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime. | Criminal justice system |
| The proportion of released convicts who are rearrested. | Recidivism rate |
| The death penalty. | Capital punishment |
| The killing of several victims in three or more separate events. | Serial murder |
| A crime that is punished more severely because it is motivated by hatred. | Hate crime |
| The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to over look the matter. | Police discretion |
| To make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians. | Medicalization deviance |
| Using rules,efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs. | Rationality |
| A society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterize tribal, peasant, and feudal societies. | Tradition society |
| A widespread acceptance of rationality and social organization that are built largely around this idea. | The rationalization of society |
| An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition. | Capitalism |
| A secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives. | Formal organizations |
| A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonal rules, communications and records. | Bureaucracy |
| The process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation. | The McDonaldization of society |
| Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness. | Alienation |
| A tongue-in-cheek observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work. | Peter principal |
| An organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal replacement. | Goal displacement |
| Robert Michel's term for the tendency of formal organization to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite. | The iron law of oligarchy |
| Organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential. | Humanizing a work setting |
| The division of larger numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group. | Social satisfaction |
| A form of social stratification in which some people own other people. | Slavery |
| A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specific period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into voluntarily. | Bonded labor (indentured service) |
| Beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements. | Ideology |
| a form of social stratification in which people's statues are determined by birth and are lifelong. | Case system |
| The practice of marrying within one's own group. | Endogamy |
| The enforced separation of racial-ethnic groups as was practiced in South Africa. | Apartheid |
| The stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates, the nobility, clergy, and commoners. | Estate stratification system |
| A form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions. | Class system |
| Movement up or down the social class ladder. | Social mobility |
| The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth. | Means of production |
| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production. | Bourgeoisie |
| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production. | Proletariat |
| Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production. | Class consciousness |
| Marx's term to refer to worker's identifying with the interest of capitalists. | False class consciousness |
| A form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the the basis of merit. | Meritocracy |
| The idea that the king's authority comes from God; in an interesting gender bender; also applies to queens. | Divine right of kings. |
| Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system. | Globalization of capitalism |
| A way of life that perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next. | Culture of poverty |
| The economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialization Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations. | Neocolonialism |
| Companies that operates across national boundaries; also called transnational corporations. | Multinational corporation |
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pinktiger