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Exam 2 Chapter 8 Obj
Vocabulary Words/Joints of the Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Articulations | Functional junctions between bones. They bind parts of the skeletal system, make possible bone growth, permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, and enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions. |
| Fibrous Joints | Named because the dense connective tissue holding them together includes many collagenous fibers. |
| Syndesmosis | The bones are bound by a sheet (interosseous membrane)or bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament). This junction is flexible and may be twisted so the joint may permit slight movement and thus is amphiarthrotic. Ex: Tibia,fibula |
| Suture | Located between flat bones of the skull uniting a thin layer of dense connective tissue called a sutural ligament. (Synarthrotic) |
| Gomphosis | A joint formed by the union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket. (Synarthrotic) Ex. The root of a tooth |
| Cartilaginous Joints | Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects to bones. |
| Synchondrosis | Bands of hyaline cartilage unite the bones. These are mainly temporary structures that disappear during growth. (Synarthrotic) Ex: Epiphyseal Plate |
| Symphysis | The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and the cartilage is attached to a pad of springy fibrocartilage. There is limited movement. (Amphiarthrotic) Ex: Symphysis pubis in the pelvis |
| Synovial Joint | Allow free movement. Articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule; articular bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid. (Diarthrotic) |
| Articular Cartilage | Resists wear and minimizes friction when it is compressed as the joint moves. Ex:Articular ends of the bones in a synovial joint. |
| Ball-and-socket Joint (Spheroidal Joint) | Consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. Allows a wider ROM than any other type. Ex: Hip,shoulder |
| Condylar Joint (Ellipsoidal Joint) | The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone. Rotational movement is not possible. Ex: Joints between metacarpals and the phalanges. |
| Plane Joints (Gliding Joints) | Nearly flat or slightly curved. Allow sliding or back-and-forth motion and twisting. Ex: Wrist,ankle,articular processes of vertebrae |
| Hinge Joint | The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. Ex: Elbow and joints of the phalanges (Hinge of a door) |
| Pivot Joint (Trochoid Joint) | The cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring formed of bone and a ligament. Limited rotation around a central axis. Ex: Proximal ends of the radius and ulna |
| Saddle Joint (Sellar Joint) | Forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. Movements mainly in two planes. Ex: Joint between the carpal (trapezium)and the metacarpal of the thumb. |
| Flexion | Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together. Ex: Bending the knee |
| Extension | Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart. Ex: Straightening the knee |
| Hyperextension | Extensions of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position. Ex: Bending the head back beyond the upright position |
| Dorsiflexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin. Ex: Walking on heels |
| Plantar Flexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin. Ex: Walking or standing on toes |
| Abduction | Moving a part away from the midline. Ex: Lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body |
| Adduction | Moving a part toward the midline. Ex: Returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body |
| Rotation | Moving a part around an axis. Ex: Twisting the head from side to side |
| Circumduction | Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path. Ex: Moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand |
| Supination | Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly. |
| Pronation | Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly. |
| Eversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally. |
| Inversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially. |
| Protraction | Moving a part forward. Ex: Thrusting the head forward |
| Retraction | Moving a part backward. Ex: Pulling the head backward |
| Elevation | Raising a part. Ex: Shrugging the shoulders |
| Depression | Lowering a part. Ex: Drooping the shoulders |
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