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GRCC BI 121 Exam 2
BIO 121 exam 2 stuff cell reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| A double helix composed of nucleic acids which acts as the instruction or template for the manufacture of proteins | DNA |
| Chromosome | A DNA molecule and the proteins associsated with it; the vehicle by which hereditary information is passed from one generation to the next |
| Gene | A specific region of a DNA strand (or chromosome) that influences inheritable traits. |
| Location of a gene on the chromosome | Gene Locus |
| Somatic Cells | Those cells which comprise an organism tissue and replicates mitosis. |
| Soma | Body |
| Germ Cells | Cells which will form games by meiosis. |
| The cell formed when two gamets fuse | Zygote. |
| Cell types | Somatic, germ and zygote |
| A one stage nuclear division process in which the diploid number of chromosomes is mainted in each of the daughter cells. | mitosis |
| 2n = number of chromosomes | Diploid number |
| Diploid number | Having 2 chromosomes of each type, a pair of homologus chromosomes. |
| What are genetically the same? | the diploid number- which is the number of chromosomes |
| Who are you more genetically linked to? Siblings, Parents? | You are more genetically linked to your siblings because each of you carry 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes from each of your parents. |
| Germ | Gives rise to |
| Gonadal Cells produce what? | Germ Cells |
| Gonadal cells that undergoes division to become gamets | This is a Germ Cell. |
| Sperm and egg | Gametes |
| A cell that rises from the fusion of egg and sperm | Zygote |
| zygote | A cell that rised from the fusion of egg and sperm and contains 46 chromosomes (23 from mom and 23 from dad) |
| Cells that make up tissue such as muscles and nervous | Somatic cell |
| These are somatic cells | Cells that make up the organism tissue such as muscle tissue. |
| Determined Cell | A cell that will develop into a cell with a specific function. |
| Differentiated cells | Cells organize into a tissue and migrate to their function....e.g. skin |
| No longer a generic cell | determined/differentiated cell |
| What type of cell can divide forever and haven't been determined yet? | Stem Cell |
| Stem Cell | A generic cell that can divide forever, has not been determined/differentiated, but will give rise to determined/differentiated cells. |
| This type of cell has the ability to divide many times and yield new cells | This is stem cells |
| Stem cells have the ability to divid many time and yield new cells that will? | that will in-turn specialize into determined somatic cells |
| e.g. of determined somatic cells | cells that make up the muscle |
| When is a cell totipotent | after the 1st week of fertilization |
| This type of cell gives rise to ALL cell types | Totipotent cell |
| Totipotent Cell | Capable of producing all embyro cells, including the placenta can replace it self. |
| Totipotent cell is found in the emryonic tissue and is there fore | Fetal stem cell |
| Pleuripotent | This cell gives rise to MOST cells types, excluding placenta and can replace itself. |
| This is found in embryonic tissues and therefore a fetal S.C. | Pleuripotent. |
| multipotent SC | Gives rise to limited cell types; can replace itself. |
| This is found in postpartum tissues therefore an adult S.C. | multipotent S.C. |
| Osteo stem cell | Creates Osteo (which is bone) |
| osteo progenitor cell | A form of a stem cell that creates osteoblasts that secrete collagen fibers that form the bone. |
| Progenitor Cells | Are already determined on what they will give rise to things. |
| This type of cell can't reproduce | Progenitor cell |
| When is a cell plueripotent? | 1 to 6 weeks after conception |
| By birth....what cells are mainly what? | Mainly multi-potent, but there may be some pleuripotent. |
| This type of S.C. gives rise to limited cell types and can replace itself | Multi-potent S.C. |
| Multi-Potent S.C. | Found in post-partum tissues therefore referred to as Adult S.C. |
| What is a resident S.C.? | S.C. in tissue to provide new cells when required. |
| Migratory S.C. | S.C that travel to site of an injury |
| From Bone marrow to bone shaft to become blood, cartilage, bones, fat, collagen fibers, etc. | Migratory S.C. |
| Where are stem cells found | Embryos from fertility clinics, Cloned embryos, amniotic cord blood |
| Embryos from fertility clinic | At the 4 cell stage from fertiity clinics. |
| Which are the best stem cells | Embryos from fertility clinics and cloned embryos |
| Amniotic cord blood | Stem cells can be found here, but not as good as embyros from fertility clinics and cloned embyros |
| What type of S.C. are ideal and most desireable for basic research | Totipotent |
| Why are totipotent cells are most desireable. | Because these type of S.C. can become anything. |
| Blastula | Hallow ball of cells that are totipotent |
| Generic cells that are still totipotent and found in the last stage of embryonic development | Blastula |
| Hallow balls of cells; last stage of embryonic development when cells are undetermined (generic cells); still totipotent | These are referred as Blastula |
| Gastrula | All cells are determined and no longer germ cells at this point. |
| Stages of Embryonic Development | 1. Fertilization 2. Growth 3. Blastula 4. Gastrula 5. Determination 6. Differentation 7. morphogenesis |
| Fertilization | Formation of the zygote |
| Growth | Increase in the number of generic cells (from 2 cell stage until end of blastula) |
| At what stage should Stem Cells be harvested? | By the Blastula stage. |
| Determination stage | Cells become specialized |
| Differntation Stage | Cells organize into tissues. |
| Morphogenesis | Tissues organize into organs and organ systems. |
| Wilmut Ian's contribution to cloning? | Adult Cloning- using differentiated somatic cells and transforming to undifferentiated cells. |
| Wilmut Ian's procedure recipe list. | 1 ) Female epithileal cell from mammary gland (somatic cells) 1) Female egg |
| Starve the female epi cell from mammary gland until it un-differentiates. Remove nucleus from Egg and replace nucleau from un-differentiated cell | Wilmut Ian's contribution |
| Clonal Zygote | removing nucleus for a female egg, and replacing the nucleus for undifferentiated cell. |
| What is meant by cloning? | The production of gentically identical cells or individual cells via the manipulation of a parent cell. |
| Ian Wilmut's contribution | He took adult cells (somatic cells) and produced a genetic organism |
| Embryonic Cloning | Cloning using early embryonic states that are in the 2 or 4 cell stage. |
| When fertilized cell (zygote) tries to divide, the cells seperate into 2 cells, then both cells divide and develops into 2 seperate embryos | Natural twinning |
| Artificial twinning | the same as natural twinning except its done in a petri dish. |
| Is it possible for woman to give birth to her grandmother, or herself? | yes...if grandma or your mom went to fertility bank...they take moms cell and dad's sperm and take it to the 2 cell stage, then freeze it for future use. |
| How many stem cell lines are available for stem cell research? | 78 lines, but only 19/78 are viable...but may not be any good due to virus contamination. |
| Major source of funding is? | Federal, but will only fund adult SC only. |
| Another source of research funding? | Private- which has produced 17 S.C. Fresh/non-viral and can't be used by fed govt. |
| What are some promising areas that could benefit from S.C. REsearch? | Cardio, Autoimmune disorders, DM, Osteoporosis, Cancers, Alzheimers, parkinson, severe burns, spinal cord injuries and birth defects. |
| Interphase | Nucleus can't be seen; chromosomes & organelles double; Can see cell membrane |
| Prophase | Nuclear membrane breaks up, can see sister chromatids start condensing, spindle fibers form; centrioles moves to poles |
| Metaphase | Sister chromatids align randomly at equator, spindle fibers attach to chromatids. |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles. |
| Telophase | Chromosomes arrive at poles, nuclear membrane reassembles, cytokinesis = 2 new daughter cells = clones |
| Telophase | Cleavage Furrow from cytokinesis forms |
| chromosomes fused at centriomere | Sister chromatids |
| Sister chromatids that are not fused at centriomere | Daughter chromosomes. |
| Mitosis results in what? | Diploid clones |
| Cytokinesis | The division of organelles & cytoplasm between the daughter cells and the formation of a new cell membrane |
| Cleavage furrow | Forms as a result of cytokinesis- because the cells are starting split into 2 duplicate cells |
| Cellular differentiation | All somatic cells contain the same genetic info but have the abilit to differentiate. |
| Undifferentiated cells that maintain ability to divide. | Stem Cells |
| what is the 50 division rule? | Most cells are limited to mitotic potential. |
| e.g. of 50 division rule | muscle, most neurons and liver- these can't turn into anything else. |
| factors influencing replication in cells | Telomeres, kinases& cyclins, cell size, hormones, growth factors, density dependent inhibition. |
| factors influencing replication in cells: telomeres | Repeating nucleotide sequences at chromosomes tips. |
| These are needed for mitosis- eventually these are lost after going through so many mitosis cycles result in slow down of mitosis cycle. | Telomeres |
| factors influencing replication in cells: kinase & cyclins | Intracellular proteins; that control cell division. |
| Intracellular proteiens that control cell division. | Kinase and cyclins |
| factors influencing replication in cells: Cell size | divsion occurs to maintain favorable surface to volume ratio. |
| Increase surface area results in | Mitosis happens more rapidly. |
| Decrease surface area | Slows down mitosis |
| Surface to volume ratio: thinking question. What dissolves quicker? Sugar cube or sugar granules? Why? | granules will disolve quicker due to more surface area. |
| factors influencing replication in cells: hormones | Prolactin |
| this causes increase cell division resulting in increased size | factors influencing replication in cells: Hormones such as prolactin |
| Prolactin is associated with? | Lactation |
| Breast fills with milk and increases in size | Prolactin, a hormone influencing replication in cells. |
| factors influencing replication in cells: Growth factors | Epidermal growth factor; works locally and doesn't travel. |
| This stimulates growth of new skin beneath scab on a skinned knee. | Epidermal Growth Factors influence replication in cells |
| Growth factor that influence replication in cells | Stimulates growth closer to their site of synthesis. |
| Hormone that influence replication in cells | travels from remotes area and signals mitosis; signals are transported to stimulate mitosis. |
| factors influencing replication in cells: density dependent inhibition | Cells stop dividing when compressed against others. |
| Space availability; when cells are surrounded by other cells and no longer requires cell division- these are healthy cells | Density dependent inhibition |
| factors influencing replication in cells: tumor supressor genese | Controls mitosis |
| Examples of Uncontrolled mitosis | Neoplasm: Benign or malignant; Metastasis |
| Cells gone wild | Uncontrolled mitosis |
| Neoplasm | Tumor or new tissue |
| Disorganized mass of irregular cells with an increased mitotic rate. | Neoplasm |
| Neo | new |
| Plasm | tissue |
| Benign | Lump like mass of cells compressing surrounding tissues. |
| This type of tumor is frequently encapsulated, is slow growing and doe not invade other tissues | Benign |
| Malignant | cancerous |
| Mass of cells that invade surrounding tissues; not encapsulated and frequently FAST growing. | Malignant cancerous |
| this type of tumor will have 2 out of the 3 charachteristics | Benign |
| This type of tumor will have all 3 characteristics | malignant |
| Uncontrolled mitosis: metastasis | malignant cells that travel to other tissues via blood or lymph and secondary malignant tumors. |
| 1st characteristic of malignant cell? | abnormal anatomy (won't perform job) |
| 2nd characteristic of malignant cell | abnormal mitotic rate (grows faster) |
| 3rd characteristic of malignant cell | abnormal location- invades other tissues. |
| Dysplastic cell | Cells abnormal in anatomy but in-situ. Normal mitotic rate. |
| In-situ | normal position |
| Dys | without |
| plastic | moldable |
| Cells with abnormal anatomy, but in normal position. | Dysplastic |
| Dysplastic | These cancer cells are considered pre-cancerous; are in normal position; not abnormal mitotic rate or location. |
| Examples of dysplastic cells | Colon polyps, HPV, basal skin cells |
| Mechanical compressions | Denture wearers, pipesmokers are at risk; pressure points that inhibit heatlhy cell growth. |
| Proximate causes of cancer | Carcinogens, oncogenes, mutated tumor suppressor genes |
| Carcinogens | chemicals that give rise to increase mitotic division. |
| Smaoking, fats, radiation, viruses, saccharide, some natural foods, mechanical compressions | e.g. of carcinogens |
| Genes that cause cancer | Oncogenes |
| Genes that regulate mitosis, when mutated, fail to control mitosis. | Mutated tomor suppressor genes. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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