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Bio: Ch 6
Cell Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the structure of the nucleus? | double membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pores, which is continuous with ER |
| what is the structure of a ribosome? | two subunits composed of RNA and proteins; found in cytosol or on rough ER |
| what is the structure of the ER? | continuous with nuclear envelope, network of tubules and sacs |
| what is the structure of the golgi apparatus? | stacks of flattened membranous sacs with cis and trans faces |
| what is the structure of a lysosome? | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes |
| what is the structure of a vacuole? | large vesicle with membrane |
| what is the structure of a mitochondrion? | double membrane with infoldings (cristae) in inner membrane |
| what is the structure of a chloroplast? | double membrane (typically) filled with stroma, contains grana composed of thylakoids |
| what is the structure of a peroxisome? | single membrane, specialized metabolic compartment |
| what is the function of a nucleus? | pores regulate passage of materials, produces ribosomal subunits in the nucleoli, stores chromosomes (made of DNA and proteins) |
| what is the function of a ribosome? | synthesizes proteins |
| what is the function of the smooth ER? | synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores Ca2+, detoxifies drugs and poisons |
| what is the function of the golgi apparatus? | modifies proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesizes polysaccharides; sorts golgi products and realeases them in vesicles |
| what is the function of a lysosome? | recycles ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles after breaking them down. |
| what is the function of a vacuole? | participates in digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection. |
| what is the function of a mitochondrion? | carries out cellular respiration |
| what is the function of a chloroplast? | carries out photosynthesis |
| what is the function of a peroxisome? | produces hydrogen peroxide by using its enzymes to transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen; converts hydrogen peroxide to water by other enzymes. |
| what is the function of the rough ER? | aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes, produces membrane material, makes glycoproteins by adding carbohydrates to proteins |
| where are the genetic instructions in a eukaryotic cell found, and what carries these instructions out? | the genetic instructions are found in the cell's nucleus and are carried out by the ribosomes |
| what is the function of the endomembrane system? | to regulate protein traffic and to perform metabolic functions |
| what do the internal membranes of eukaryotic cells do? | they compartmentalize the cells functions |
| what do prokaryotic cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells? | nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles |
| what is cell fractionation? | a lab process in which cells are blended to break them up, then the mixture is centrifuged several times, the supernatant liquid being removed before each centrifugation. This process creates pellets of different cell components. |
| what is an important parameter affecting cell size and shape? | surface to volume ratio. |
| which are components of animal cells, but not plant cells? | lysosomes, centrosomes (with centrioles), and flagella |
| which are components of plant cells, but not animal cells? | chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata. |
| what is the cytoskeleton and its function? | a network of fibers that provides structural support, helps organelles to move, and transmits signals. |
| what is the structure and function of a microtubule? | hollow rods, the walls of which are composed of the globular protein tubulin; their function is to shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells. |
| what do cilia and flagella contain? | microtubules |
| what is the function of cilia and flagella? | they permit movement, and in primary cilia they play sensory and signaling roles. |
| what are microfilaments and what is their role? | they are thin rods that play a role in muscular contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and microvillus support. |
| what is cytoplasmic streaming? | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells that speeds the distribution of endocellular materials. |
| what is the structure and function of intermediate filaments? | they are larger in diameter than microfilaments (hence their name), and they serve to support the cell shape and hold organelles in place. |
| what are cell walls composed of? | cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins. |
| what is the composition and function of the extracellular matrix? | it is composed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are secreted by animal cells, and it functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation. |
| what is a cell junction? | a general term for passageways between neighboring cells (in animal or plant cells). |
| what are plasmodesmata? | the cell junction in plants, which consist of a membrane-lined channel filled with cytoplasm. |
| what kinds of cell junctions are found in animal cells? | tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. they are all common to epithelial tissue. |
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