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Bio: Ch 11
Cell Communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a signal transduction pathway? | a series of steps that converts a signal received by a cell into a response |
| what is quorum sensing? | quorum sensing is a phenomenon in which bacteria secrete signaling molecules that allow the bacteria to coordinate their activities. The formation of a biofilm is an example of something that results from quorum sensing in bacteria. |
| How do cells communicate in local signaling? | through direct contact or by secreting local regulators. |
| Give two examples of local regulators. | growth factors and neurotransmitters. |
| How do cells communicate in long-distance signaling? | either through hormones or electrically |
| What kind of long-distance do plants and animals use, respectively? | Plants - hormone signaling Animals - hormone and electrical signaling |
| What are the three stages of the cell-signaling pathway? | Reception, transduction, and response |
| what is a local regulator? | a local regulator is a messenger molecule secreted by a signaling cell that influences cells in the immediate surroundings. |
| what is paracrine signaling? | a type of local signaling in which numerous cells simultaneously receive and respond to signaling molecules |
| what is a growth factor? | a local regulator that stimulates nearby target cells to grow and divide |
| what is synaptic signaling? | a type of local signaling that occurs in the animal nervous system. it is characterized by the transmission of an electrical signal along a nerve cell, which triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules, which trigger a response in target cell |
| what allows a cell to respond to a signaling molecule? | a specific receptor molecule that can bind to the signaling molecule |
| what happens in the reception stage of cell signaling? | a signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on the cell's surface or inside the cell, initiating a change in the receptor protein |
| what happens in the transduction stage of cell communication? | the signal from the signaling molecule is converted into a form that can activate a cell response |
| what happens in the response stage of cell response? | the transduced signal triggers a specific response |
| what is a ligand? | a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one |
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