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Biology189 Chap.5&6
Cells and Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the cellular theory of life? | All life is composed of cells. |
| Can most cells be seen with the naked eye? | no |
| Humans have over how many different cells? | 200 |
| helps scientists study small objects, including cells | Microscopes |
| What are the common cellular components? | DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, plasma membrane, Cytoplasm |
| Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| what are the integral molecules of cells? | DNA and RNA |
| what are small structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Ribosomes |
| What are ribosomes composed of? | protein subunits and ribosomal RNA |
| What does the plasma membrane bilayer consist most of? | phospholipids |
| Every cell is filled with what? | Cytoplasm water based fluid |
| What is another name for a water based solution? | Aqueous |
| What are the two types of cells? | Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
| Are prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells smaller? | Prokaryotic |
| Where is DNA contained in Eukaryotes? | In the nucleus |
| What are membrane enclosed organelles? | Internal compartments for special functions |
| What type of cell are plants and animals composed of? | Eukaryotic |
| What three structures are found only in plant cells? | cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles |
| Which organelle is also known as the administrative office in the cell? | The Nucleus |
| What is the Nucleus surrounded by? | Double membrane nuclear envelope |
| What are nuclear pores? | gateways for molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Which organelle is also known as the production line in the cell? | The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Which organelle is made up of interconnected tubes and flattened sacs? | The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What does the Rough ER have and make? | Ribosomes and makes secreted proteins |
| What does the Smooth ER make? | the phospholipid membrane material |
| What are vesicles? | membrane enclosed sacs |
| What moves substances from one location to another within the cell? | Transport Vesicles |
| What are membranous organelles that both send and receive materials by vesicles? | The Endomembrane System |
| Which organelle is also known as the Shipping Department in the cell? | The Golgi Apparatus |
| Which organelle is made up of stacked, flattened sacs? | The Golgi Apparatus |
| Which organelle processes new proteins and lipids and adds specific chemical groups and targets them to their destinations? | The Golgi Apparatus |
| What organelle do Lysosomes come from? | The Golgi Apparatus |
| Which organelle is also known as the Clean-up Crew? | Lysosomes |
| Which organelle contains enzymes to break down macromolecules? | Lysosomes |
| Which organelle releases simple sugars, amino acids, and fats to be recycled? | Lysosomes |
| Which organelle clears the cell of damaged organelles, digests food, and destroys invading bacteria? | Lysosomes |
| What is the storage organelle in plants? | The central vacuole |
| What is The Central Vacuole filled with? | water |
| What does the central vacuole do? | Stores chemicals for later use and breaks down substances. |
| Which organelle is also known as the Power Plant in the cell? | The Mitochondrion |
| Is the mitochondrion a single membrane organelle or double membrane organelle? | Double membrane |
| Which organelle harnesses energy from chemical breakdown of food molecules? | The Mitochondrion |
| Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration where the metabolic pathway that generates ATP from the breakdown of food molecules? | The Mitochondrion |
| What cells are the Mitochondrion found in? | Animal Cells |
| Which organelle is the site of Photoynthesis? | Chloroplast |
| What cells are the Chloroplasts found in? | Plant Cells |
| Are chloroplasts single or double membraned? | double membrane |
| Using light, what do chloroplasts convert into sugar? | CO2 and H2O |
| Chloroplasts contain grana made of what? | Thylakoid |
| What enables photosynthesis in chloroplasts? | pigment chlorophyll |
| What provides shape, support, and movement of a cell? | Cytoskeleton |
| What is the name of the thick cytoskeletal element that makes up the cytoskeleton? | Microtubules |
| The helical polymer of tublin monomers that grow or shrink by adding or losing monomers | Microtubules |
| What are two other cytoskeleton components? | Intermediate filaments and Microfilaments |
| What cytoskeleton components have ropelike filaments and provide structural support? | Intermediate filaments |
| What cytoskeleton components are made up of actin monomers and are involved in cell crawling? | Microfilaments |
| What do Pseudopodia do? | project forward and pull the cell |
| The movement of microfilaments just under the plasma membrane | Amoeba Movement |
| Beat in unison like oars | Cilia |
| Beat like whips | Flagella |
| Why are bacteria flagella very different from eukaryotic flagella? | Because a rigid flagellum rotates like a propeller. |
| What do Bacterial Flagellum use to move around? | A special protein "motor" mechanism. |
| How did Eukaryotes most likely evolve? | When a larger prokaryote ingested smaller prokaryotes. |
| Which cells have a plasma membrane? | All cells have a plasma membrane |
| What is the gate and the gate keeper of the cell? | The plasma membrane |
| What serves as a selectively permeable barrier between two aqueous solutions? | plasma membrane |
| The substance to be dissolved | Solute |
| The dissolving agent | Solvent |
| When dealing with biological solutions, water is always going to be the solvent or solute? | solvent |
| A ratio between the amount of solute present and the amount of solvent present in a solution | Concentration |
| amount of solute/amount of solvent | Concentration |
| Two solutions in contact with each other where one might have a higher concentration of solute than the other. | Concentration Gradient |
| Where molecules in these substances are in constant motion | liquids and gasses |
| Equalize concentration gradient is called what? | Diffusion |
| The movement of a substance in a solution or gas mixture from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. | Diffusion |
| Does diffusion require energy? | No |
| When molecules are equally distributed | Equilibrium |
| When substances are moving with the force of diffusion with no extra energy from high concentration to low concentration | Passive Transport |
| When substances are moving against the force of diffusion that requires extra energy with movement from low concentration to high concentration. | Active Transport |
| Which transport produces a concentration gradient? | Active Transport |
| Which molecules are able to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer? | small molecules like water oxygen and carbon and hydrophobic molecules |
| Which molecules are unable to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer? | large molecules and charged ions |
| How do large molecules and ions enter cells? | Through protein carriers |
| Water filled tunnels across the plasma membrane to carry the large molecules through | Channel proteins |
| specific to molecules being transported | Passive carrier proteins |
| Transport proteins that use energy from ATP (nucleotide energy carrier) | Active Transport |
| What allows the carrier to change allowing the molecules to move from low concentration to high concentration? | Energy |
| If there is a high concentration of solute then is the solvent high or low? | Low |
| Specific form of diffusion when the solvent is the molecule which is moving across the membrane. | Osmosis |
| In cells what is always the solvent? | water |
| Type of solution that has a higher concentration of solute | Hypertonic |
| Type of solution that has a lower concentration of solute. | Hypotonic |
| Type of solution that has an equal concentration of solute. | Isotonic |
| Release of substances from cell where vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane inside and causes the membrane to release molecules | Exocytosis |
| General term for the inward budding of the membrane and forms a transport vesicle to bring in molecules | Endocytosis |
| What are the three types of Endocytosis? | Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated Endocytosis, and Phagocytosis |
| Endocytosis known as cellular drinking | Pinocytosis |
| Type of Endocytosis where is brings in some of the liquid surrounding the cell forming vesicles at the plasma membrane | Pinocytosis |
| Type of Endocytosis where the material is nonspecific and is just whatever that was around outside of the plasma membrane | Pinocytosis |
| Specific Endocytosis | Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
| Type of Endocytosis where receptors select targeted substances and pulls them into the cell | Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
| Type of Endocytosis known as "cell eating" where it ingests entire cells or food particles (bacteria) | Phagocytosis |
| Type of Endocytosis where the membrane receptors identify the bacterium and the plasma membrane extends around it | Phagocytosis |
| How do distant cells communicate? | Hormones |
| What provides stuctural stability to the cellular community like a tissue or an organ? | Cell Junctions |
| What allows neighboring cells to communicate and pass substances between cells? | Cell Junctions |
| What are materials outside the cells of tissue that holds tissue together? | Extracellular Matrix |
| What is the Extracellular Matrix composed of? | Fibrous protein network |
| What are the three types of direct connections animal cells can use to attach to each other? | Tight junctions, Anchoring junctions, and Gap junctions |
| Junctions that make waterproof connections between two cells | Tight junctions |
| Junctions with the greatest strength that uses desmosomes | Anchoring junctions |
| Junctions that are channels between the cytoplasam of two cells | Gap Junctions |
| Channels that bridge the two layers of walls between cells, connecting the cytoplasm in plants | Plasmodesmata |
| Produce changes in the receiving cell | Signaling molecules |
| Long distance communication for cells that can be centimeters to meters apart | Hormones |
| How do hormones travel in plant cells? | Sap |
| How do hormones travel in animal cells? | Blood |
| Signaling molecules have what kind of receptors? | Protein Receptors |
| Hormones that have cell surface receptors | Hydrophillic hormones |
| Hormones that have intracellular receptors | Hydrophobic hormones |
| Hormones made of lipids that are hydrophobic and can diffuse into the cell and bind to internal receptor protein that will cause a change in behavior of the cell | Steroid Hormones |
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paige883
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