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Bio Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleus | contains DNA, controls cell's activities by directing protein synthesis |
| chromatin | long DNA fibers attached to protein |
| chromosome | each fiber of DNA |
| nuclear envelope | a double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers)with pores that control the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus |
| messenger RNA | moves through nuclear pores to ribosomes |
| parts of the endomembrane system | smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles |
| nucleolus | where the building blocks of ribosomes are produced |
| purposes of the smooth ER | synthesis of lipids; detoxify drugs and other harmful substances; storage of calcium ions |
| purposes of the rough ER | makes more membrane; modify proteins that will be transported to other organelles or secreted by the cell |
| glycoprotein | sugar and polypeptide linked together |
| purposes of the Golgi apparatus | receives transport vesicles from ER; modifies, stores, and ships products |
| receiving side of Golgi | cis face |
| shipping side of Golgi | trans face |
| type of enzymes used in lysosomes | hydrolitic enzymes |
| purposes of lysosomes | recycling cellular materials; destroying pathogens |
| tonoplast | central vacuole surrounded by membrane that absorbs water and helps plants cells grow larger |
| contractile vacuole | vacuole that pumps out excess water, found in protists; important if no cell wall is present |
| site of oxidative respiration; contain their own DNA and ribosomes | mitochondira |
| cristae | inner membrane folds in mitochondria that increase surface area |
| chloroplast | type of plastid that carries out photosynthesis by converting solar energy to chemical energy; contain DNA and ribosomes |
| thylakoids | membranous system of flattened sacs in chloroplasts |
| granum | one stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts |
| stroma | fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts |
| cells that do not contain mitochondria | red blood cells |
| who we get our mitochondrial DNA from | our mother |
| Endosymbiont Theory | the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts are ancestral protists that started a mutual relationship with ancient eukaryotes |
| ribosomes | site of protein production; suspended in cytosol or found on rough ER; described as free or bound |
| bound ribosomes | protein goes outside of cell or to the cell membrane; ex. hormones |
| free ribosomes | protein stays within the cell; ex. enzymes |
| eukaryotic ribosomes | 80s |
| prokaryotic ribosomes | 70s |
| Who came up with the Endosymbiont Theory? | Lynn Margulis |
| proof of Endosymbiont Theory | 70s ribosomes found in mitochondria or chloroplasts; 1 chromosome that is circular;resemblance of nitrogen bases; use binary fission; have a double membrane |
| peroxisomes | membrane-bound compartments that us O2 to carry out metabolism |
| what is the substrate and enzyme used by peroxisomes? | H202 and catalase |
| purposes for cytoskeleton | provides structural support to cell; allows for movement; attachment site for organelles, enzymes |
| Cytoskeltons are found more commonly in what kind of cell? | eukaryotic |
| Three types of proteins in cytoskeleton | microtubules; microfilaments; intermediate filaments |
| microtubules and microfilaments have... | positive and negatives ends; allow for them to be deconstructed and reconstructed a lot |
| microtubules | present in eukaryotic flagella |
| microfilaments | allow for movement; "cell crawling" |
| intermediate filaments | involved in structure |
| purposes of cell wall | protects and maintains shape of cell; prevents excess water uptake |
| cellulose | glucose polymer that makes up plant cell walls |
| pectin | sticky polysaccharide found between cell walls of adjacent cells; found in jellies and jams |
| plasmodesmata | perforations between adjacent cells walls that allows for movement of materials from one cell to another |
| symplasm | cytoplasm of adjoining cells |
| purposes of extracellular matrix | holds cells together; protects and supports; allows for communication between cells |
| glycoprotein | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrate chains attached |
| what extracellular matrix is composed of | glycoproteins- collagen most abundant glycoprotein in animals |
| tight junctions | press membranes together very tightly; prevents leakage of fluid |
| desmosomes | (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together in sheets |
| gap junctions | allow for movement of cytoplasm from one cell to another; important in communication between |
| plasma membrane | composed primarily of phospholipid bilayer; "fluid" not a rigif structure; amphipathic(both polar and non-polar); no covalent bonds hold it together |
| integral proteins | embedded in phsopholipid bilayer, acts in transport |
| peripheral proteins | bound to surface of membrane Ex. if on inside of protein-ezyme. if on outside- receptor protein |
| What acts as "ID tags"? | carbohydrates; enables cells to indetify each other or foreign cells; bonded to lipids(glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins) |
| what is the purpose for cholesterol in membranes? | for stability; only in animals cells because they lack cell walls |
| explain autoimmune diseases | cells lack ID tags and other cells attack it because they think it is foreign |
| Is the phospholipid bilayer mostly non-polar or mostly polar? | mostly non-polar; makes it harder for polar to get in |
| What factors are necessary for ATP production and are they easily transported into the cell? | Oxygen-non-polar-move in easy Glucose-polar-harder to get through |
| Passive Transport | movement of materials from high to low concentration. no energy output required |
| diffusion | random movement of a substance across mebrane down concentration gradient until equillibrium is reached |
| facilitated diffusion | passice transport of molecules across cell mebrane with the help of transport proteins |
| protein channels for water | aquaporins |
| osmosis | diffusion of water acrossa membrane |
| tonicity | refers to tendency of cell to gain or lose water |
| isotonic | solute concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane. no net movement of water. |
| hypertonic | concentration of solute if greater |
| hypotonic | solute concentration is lower |
| plasamalysis | wilting in pants is caused by this- cell mebrane shrivels back from cell wall |
| turgid | plant cell full of water- optimal state |
| water potential | used to predict the passive movement of water; water always moves from higher water potential to lower water potential |
| the solute potential of dH2O | 0 |
| the higher the concentration of solute... | the more negative the solute potential is |
| osmoregulation | cells must have a mechanism to prevent excess loss, uptake of water |
| examples of osmoregulation mechanisms | cell wall; contractile vacuole; plasamlysis |
| active transport | movement of materials against concentration gradient. requires energy output by cell. |
| Na+/K+ Pump | protein that pumps 3 Na+ ions out for very 2 K+ ions in |
| purpose of Na+/K+ Pump | charge of insde of cell is negative relative to outside of cell, establishes a basis for nerve impulss and allows for positive ions to come in passively. IN ANIMALS |
| Proton Pump | establishes an electro-chemical gradient; used in lysosomes to create a lower pH. IN PLANTS AND FUNGI |
| exocytosis | secretion of biomolecules by fusion of vesicles to the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | cell membrane surrounds,engulfs particles of biomolecule, and pinches in to form a vesicle |
| What part of the cytoskeleton helps with endo and exo cytosis? | microfilaments |
| atherosclerosis | cholesterol building in arteries |
| why is cholesterol needed and how is it transported? | used for cell membrane and sex hormones. must be transported by a protein because it is hydrophobic |
| two types of local signaling and brief description | paracine signaling: chemicals in extracellular fluid synaptic signaling: nerve signaling in synapse |
| a type of long distance signaling | endocrine signaling; travels through blood vessels (specifically capillaries) |
| When would the receptor protein be insides the cell? | if it was supposed to identify a non polar substance such as hormones (steroids; lipids) |
| What 3 steps are in cell signaling? | reception; transduction (change in shape); response |
| What are G proteins made of? | GDP=guanosine diphosphate GTP guanosine triphosphate (involved in reception) |
| Explains transduction | transfers phosphate groups (ADP to ATP) confirmational changes are the result of kinases; cAMP is a second messanger non-protein molecule |
| Examples of a Response | Nuclear; cytoplasmic; or apoptosis(cell suicide) (ex= cancer cells; escaped apoptosis) |
| blebbing | cell encloses itself into vesicles then eaten by phagocytes |
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bootoo
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