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Bio 122 4
chap 17 digestive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| def of digestion | the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb |
| def of mechanical digestion | breaks down large pieces into smaller ones w/o altering their chemical composition (biting and chewing) |
| def of chemical digestion | breaks food into simpler chemicals ( |
| what is the alimentary canal ; what is part of it | it extends from the mouth to the anus with the acessory organs ; mouth \, pharynx,esophagus, stomach, s. intestines, large intestines, anal canal |
| what are the accessory organs | salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| where does the digestive system originate from the embryo | the inner layer of the embryo called the endoderm that folds to form the tube and the accessory organ buds from that |
| how long is the alimentary canal | 8 meters |
| wall of the alimentary canal: how many layers are there; name them inner to outer | 4; mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa |
| wall of the alimentary canal: mucosa- aka; def; | mucous membrane; formed of the surface epithelium underlying connective tissue and small amount of smooth muscle it protect tissue underneath and carries secretions ; |
| wall of the alimentary canal: mucosa- what is the lamina propria | the underlying CT |
| wall of the alimentary canal: mucosa- what is the musclularis mucosa | the smooth muscle in the mucosa |
| wall of the alimentary canal: mucosa- what do the glands of the mucosa do | the lining og the cells secrete mucus and digestive enzymes |
| where does most digestion occur int he intestines | in the 25 cm of the s. intestines |
| wall of the alimentary canal: submucosa- def; function | loose CT, glands, BVs, lymphatic vessels, nerves; nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials |
| wall of the alimentary canal: muscular layer- function; def | rpovides movement of the tube; has 2 coates of smooth muscle; circular and longitudinal fibers |
| wall of the alimentary canal: muscular layer- what does the circular fibers do; what do the longitudinal fibers do | they are closed fibers and when they contract the diameter of tube decreases; when these contract the tube shorten |
| wall of the alimentary canal: serosa layer- aka; def | serous; the outer covering composed of visceral peritoneum which is formed of epithelium and CT; protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid to moisturise and lubricate the tubes outer surface so the organs can slide freely between eachother |
| function of liver | produces bile to emulsifies fat |
| function of gallbladder | stores bile and introduces it to small intestines |
| function of pancreus | produces and secretes pacreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbnate ions into small intestines |
| function of salivary glands | secrete saliva which contains enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrate |
| function of the mouth | mechanical breakdown of food, begins the chemical digestion of carbs |
| function of pharynx | connects mouth with esophagus |
| function of esophagus | peristalsis pushes food to the stomach |
| function of stomach | secrets acid and enzymes, mixes food wit hsecretions and begins enzymatic digestion of proteins |
| what layer of the alimentary canal wall is where absorbed nutrients are carried away | in the submucosa |
| function of s. intestines | mixes food with bile and pancreatic juices finial enzymatic breakdown of food molecules main site for nutrient absorbtion |
| function of l. intestine | absorbs water and electrolytes to form feces |
| function of rectum | regulates elimination of feces |
| food is moved through the alimentary canal by what 2 motor functions | segmentation and peristalsis |
| innervation of the digestive tract: the Parasympathetic system speeds up or slows down digestion | speeds up |
| innervation of the digestive tract: the sympathetic system speeds up or slows down digestion | slows down |
| where in digestion does the first chemical reaction take place | in the saliva |
| lips are very sensitive in judging what | temp and texture of food |
| the tongue is connected down the midline by what | the frenulum |
| the tongue is anchored by what | the hyoid bone |
| what is the term for a fused tongue | ankyloglossia |
| what are the rough projections on the tongue called | papillae |
| papillae: name the 3 types | filiform, fungiform, circumvalet |
| papillae: what are the ones located in the front; in the back | filiform and fungiform; circumvalet |
| papillae: what ones have taste buds | circumvalet and fungiform |
| papillae: they give the tongue what | friction |
| papillae: shape of filiform; fungiform; or circumvalet | pyramid, round, rectangular/square |
| motor function of alimentary canal: def of sementation | it alternately contracts and relaxes the smooth muscle ; does not follow a set pattern, they are not propelled in a certain direction |
| motor function of alimentary canal: def of peristalsis ; when does peristalsis begin | propelling wavelike movements, a ring of contractions occur on the wall, the muscle ahead of the bolus of food relaxes; when food expands the tube |
| motor function of alimentary canal: def of receptive relaxation | part of peristalsis and itis when the muscle ahead of the contractions relaxes to help propel food along |
| innervation of the alimentary canal: def of submucosal plexus | important in controlling secretions by the gastrointestinal tract |
| innervation of the alimentary canal: def of myenteric plexus | of the muscular layer controls GI motility |
| innervation of the alimentary canal: what nerve is common in the innervation of the GI tract | the vagus nerve |
| primary teeth: what are they also known as; how many are there total and in each quadrant; when do they develop; what type of tooth is not there | deciduous or baby teeth; 20 total and 5 in each quadrant; develop between 6 mo and 2-4 yrs; bicuspids or third molars |
| what is the 1st portion of the alimentary canal | the mouth |
| what begins digestion | the mouth |
| def of mastication | the mechanical action of the mouth chewing up food to break it into smaller pieces and mixing it with saliva |
| def of oral cavity | the chamber between the palate and the tongue |
| def of vestibule | the narrow space between the teeth cheeks and lips |
| what forms the lateral walls of the mouth | the cheeks |
| what do the cheeks consist of on out side; what are they lined with | outer layer of skin, pads of subq, muscles assoc w/ expression; stratified squamous epithelium |
| what cell is practical for DNA testing and why | cheek cells b/c they are easily removed |
| lips: location; is the muscle skeletal or smooth; why are they more red in color | highly mobile structure that surrounds the mouth opening; skeletal; there are many BVs near the surface |
| tongue: location; def of lingual frenulum; body is composed of what; what are the large projections on it called; def of the root; | thick muscular organ occupies floor of mouth; this connects to midline of the tongue to floor of the mouth by this fold; skeletal muscle; papillae; the posterior region |
| tongue: what is the root anchored to; the root is covered by what type of tonsil | hyoid bone; lingual tonsils |
| def of lingual tonsils | located on root of tongue they are large masses of lymphatic tissue |
| palate: location; what are the 2 parts called; def of hard; def of soft; | forms the roof of the oral cavity; hard and soft; formed by palatine processes of maxillary bones in from and horizontal portions of palatine bones in back it is anterior portion; this forms a muscular arch which extends posteriorly and down has uvula |
| location of uvula | on posterior inferior end of soft palate |
| palate: what happens to the soft palate and uvula during swallowing; this action closes what; this prevents what | they are drawn upward; the opening between the nasal cavity and pharynx; prevents food from entering the nasal cavity |
| palatine tonsils: location; structure ; common site of what | back of mouth on either sideof the tongue lie beneath the epithelial lining of mouth; lymphatic tissue ; infection and produce tonsillitis |
| why are tonsillectomies done less often today | b/c tonsils role in immunity is now recognized |
| pharyngeal tonsils: aka; location | lymphatic tissue aka adenoids; posterior wall of pharynx above border of soft palate |
| name the three tonsils | lingual, palatine, pharyngeal |
| what is the hardest structure of the body | teeth |
| teeth: why are they not considered part of the skeletal system; what are the names of the 2 types | b/c they have at least 2 types of proteins that are not also found in bone and there structure is different; primary and secondary |
| primary teeth: where do they erupt from; list them in order from midline to end in a quarter of the mouth ; they usually are "lost" how | gums; central incisor, lateral incisor, cispid, first molar, second molar ; in the same order that they appear |
| gums aka; cuspid aka | gingiva; canine |
| secondary teeth: how many; how are they arranged from midline; | 32; central incisor, lateral incisor, cuspid, bicuspid, second bicuspid, first molar, second molar, third molar |
| what are the premolars; third molar aka | the 1st and 2nd bicuspid; wisdom tooth |
| chewing increases the surface area of what; why is this impaortant | of food particles; this enables the digestive enzymes to interact more effectively with nutrient molecules |
| teeth: what are the 2 main portions called; | the crown and root |
| teeth: def of crown; def of root; the crown and root meet where; what covers the crown | this portion projects beyond the gum; thisis anchored to the alveolar process of the jaw; at the neck; the glossy white enamel |
| teeth: the bulk of the tooth is located where; what is the living cellular tissue called; def of dentin | beneath the enamal; dentin; a substance like bone but harder surrounds the central cavity/pulp cavity |
| teeth: def of pulp cavity; bv and nerves reach the pulp cavity how; tooth loss is most associated with what | this contains the BVs, nerves, and connective tissue; through tubular root canals; gingivitis the disease of the gums |
| teeth: whatis the pulp in the pulp cavity | the connective tissue |
| teeth: how do the primary teeth fall out | the tip of the seconday tooth produces an enzyme that slowly dissolves the root of the primary tooth until it loosens and falls out |
| teeth: function | to bite tear and grind food into smaller pieces |
| teeth: the enamel is made by what cells; as enamel wears down what is not replaced; def of amelogenesis imperfecta | ameloblasts; calcium salts; a hereditary problem causing brown teeth |
| Teeth: is dentin found in the crown or the root; dentin is made of what cells | both; odontoblasts |
| teeth: the root is enclosed by what; def of cementum; the cementum is surrounded by what ; the peridontal ligament does what | cementum; a bone like material that anchors the root to bone; a peridontal ligament; attaches the tooth the the jaw |
| what is the fluid that is used to moisten and dissolve food called | saliva |
| saliva: it starts digestion how; it washes what; how does it regulate pH of the mouth; what should the pH of the mouth be; where are the salivary glands scattered | with amylase and ptyalin of carbs in disaccharides; the mouth and teeth; it has bicarbonate ions to regulate by buffering the acid concetration ; 6.6-7.5; tongue, palate, cheeks |
| Saliva: how is it a solvent; why do they continually secrete fluid | b/c it dissolves foods so they can be tasted; to keep the mouth moist |
| function of: cheeks; lips; palate; | holds food in noth and has muscles the chew food; contain sensory receptors used to judge characteristics of foods; holds food and directs it to pharynx |
| name the 3 pairs of major salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| what is the largest sailvary gland; the smallest | the parotid; the sublingual |
| parotid gland: location; secrete what; what virus often localizes in this gland; where does the parotid duct open to; parotid duct aka | below and in front of each ear; clear watery fluid rich in amylase; mumps; in to the mouth by the upper second molars; stensen ducts |
| submandibular gland: location; secretes what; what is the name of the duct; the duct opens to where | on the flood oft he mouth inside the jawbone; secretes serous fluid with small amount of mucus; wharton's duct; under the tongue near the frenulum |
| sublingual gland: location; secrets what; name of the duct; duct opens to where | located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue; thick stringy mucus; ravines duct; opens to a variety of places |
| salivary glands: what does salivary amylase do; amylase is the first step of what | it is a digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides; chemical digestion of carbs |
| salivary glands: what does the mucus do | it binds food particles and acts as a lubricant during swallowing |
| salivary glands: what does parasympathetic impulses do; when are parasympathetic impulses activated; when are the inhibited | they elicit the secretion of a large volume of watery saliva; when a person sees smelss pleasant food; smells unpleasant food |
| pharynx: what other system is it shared with; does it digest food; what are the 3 parts | respiratory system; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| pharynx: nasopharynx- location; what tube is located here | superior to the soft palate; auditory tube that connects the pharynx with the middle ear |
| pharynx: oropharynx- location | posterior to the mouth, opens posterior to the soft palate |
| pharynx: laryngopharynx- location | inferior to the oropharynx, the passage way to the esophagus |
| pharynx: what type of muscles are there; the muscles are under voluntary control in a sense of what | skeletal; in swallowing |
| swallowing aka | deglutition |
| how many stages of swallowing are there | 3 |
| swallowing: what is the ball of food called; name the 6 steps | bolus; 1)soft palate raises 2) hyoid bone & larynx are raised 3) tongue presses against the soft palate, 4 longitudinal muscles in pharynx rise up to food; 5) other muscles relax to opening the esophagus;6peristalsis moves food down esophagus into stomach |
| what is stopped during swallowing | breathing |
| swallowing: why is the soft palate raised | to keep food out of the nasal cavity |
| swallowing: why are the hyoid bone and larynx raised | to block the trachea |
| swallowing: why does the tongue press against the soft palate | to keep food from moving back into the oral cavity |
| esophagus: it connects what to what; it runs through the diaphram by what; is it collapsable; what is the name of the sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach;what does the cardiac sphincter do | the pharynx to the stomach; the esophagial hiatus; yes; cardiac sphincter; prevents backup of food into the esophagus |
| esophagus: is it posterior or anterior to the trachea?; def of hiatal hernia | posterior; a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm into the thorax reflux occurs and can inflame the esophageal mucosa causing heart burn |
| esophagus: the muscles fibers to the cardiac sphincter usually remain conctracted or relaxed; why | contracted; to help prevent regurgitaion of stomach contents |
| stomach: def; how much can it hold; functions | a j shaped organ in the upper left part of abdomen; 1 liter; collects foods, mixes it with gastric juices, starts digesting proteins; does a very small amount of absorption, moves food to s. intestines |
| stomach: def of rugae; when do the rugae disappear; how many layers of muscle and name them | the inner lining is marked by these thick folds; when the walls are distended; 3 longitudinal, oblique and circular |
| parts of the stomach: how many regions are there and name them; what portion is the temporary storage area | 4 cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric, the fundus |
| parts of the stomach: def of cardiac region; def of fundus region; def of body region; def of pyloric region | a small area near the esophageal opening; balloons near and superior to the cardiac portion; the main part located between the fundic and pyloric; a funnel shaped that narrows |
| parts of the stomach: as the pyloric region narrows it becomes what; what is are the end of the pyloric canal; def of pyloric sphincter | the pyloric canal; the pyloric sphincter; thick muscular wall a valve that controls gastric emptying |
| def of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | a birth defect in which muscle overgrowth blocks the pyloric canal and the newborn vomits with force |
| gastric secretions: the surface of the mucous membrane the forms the inner lining of the stomach has many what; the gastric pits are located at the end of the ______ | gastric pits; gastric glands |
| gastric secretions: def of gastric glands; gastric glands consist of what 3 cells | simple tubular glands located in the pits of the stomach wall; mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells |
| gastric glands: mucous cells- location; secrete what; what does the alkaline substance do | the neck of the gland; mucous and alkaline substance; it forms a protective coating on the inside of the stomach to prevent the pepsin from digesting the stomach wall |
| gastric glands:chief cells- location; secrete what;is pepsinogen active;in the presence of the hydrochloric acid pepsinogen turns into what;is pepsin active; pepsin breaks down what; can polypeptides be used as energy; where is protein digestion completed | in the body of the gland; pepsinogen; no; pepsin; yes; proteins into polypeptides; no; s. intestines |
| where does the beginning of protein digestion take place | in stomach when pepsin breaks proteins down into polypeptides |
| what is the make up of gastric juice | the products of mucous, chief and parietal cells |
| gastric glands: parietal cells- location; secrete what; what does HCL do; what does the intrinsic factor do | deeper parts of the glands; HCL and intrinsic factor; sets up an acid environment in the stomach and can kill pathogens; it aids in the absorption of vit B12 from the s. intestines |
| gastric secretions: def of gastric lipase; why is the action of gastric lipase weak; | fat splitting enzyme acts mainly on buttermilk; b/c of the low pH of gastric juices |
| where did stomach research start | with Dr. william beaumont who studied gastric juices with a canadian man who shot himself accidently and healed but a hole was left |
| gastric glands: parietal cells- the acidic enviroment is needed for production of what | pepsin |
| regulation of gastric secretions: somatostatin- what is it; produced by what; it inhibits what and why; | hormone; cells close to the parietal cells; the productions of HCL and prevents stomach discomfort when stomach is not actively digesting; |
| regulation of gastric secretions: somatostatin- when it is time to digest food what is released and from where; the release of ACh is in response to what; the release of ACh stimulates what | acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve endings; parasympathetic impulses arriving on the vagus nerve suppressing the secretion of somatostatin; the gastric gland to secrete abundant gastric juice |
| regulation of gastric secretions: somatostatin- the same impulse from the parasympathetic system that releases ACl secretes what; gastric does what; gastrin stimulates the release of what hormone; histimine promotes what | a hormone called gastrin; increases gastric gland activity; histamine; gastric juice secretion |
| how many stages of gastric secretion are there ; name them | 3 ; cephalic. gastric, and intestinal phase |
| stages of gastric secretion: cephalic- begins when; the parasymphathetic reflexes operating through the vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion by what; the greater the hunger the greater the what | before food reaches the stomach; taste smell sight or thought of food; secretion |
| stages of gastric secretion: gastric- starts when; the presence of food and stretching of the stomach wall stimulate the production of gastrin which result in production of more ___; what foods stimulate more gastric production; | when food enters the stomach; gastric juices ; meat extracts, spices, caffeine, alcohol; |
| most nutrients are absorbed where | in the s. intestines |
| stages of gastric secretion: gastric- the pH of stomach drops when; the lowering of the pH also enhances the production of what ; when pH lowers to 3.0 inhibition of ___ begins; at pH of 1.5 stops secretion of what | as gastrin is produced; gastrin and acid; gastrin; gastrin |
| stages of gastric secretion: intestinal- starts when; the intestines produce what hormone the promotes the production of gastrin in the stomach; | when food enters the intestine; intestinal gastrin |
| stages of gastric secretion: intestinal- as more food enters the s. intestines and acid content rises the intestines produce what ; cholecystokinin does what; what do fats in the s. intestines produce; somatostatin inhibits what | a peptide hormone cholecystokinin; serves to decrease the production of gastrin; stimulate the production of intestinal somatostatin ; the release of HCL |
| absorption in stomach: does it occur alot or a little in the stomach; what can be absorbed | very little ; water, glucose, certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid soluble drugs, not nutrients |
| mixing of stomach: this is done by what and how; the food content of the stomach mixes until it forms what; what moves chyme down to pyloric region of stomach | the stomach wall when the smooth muscles contract in a rhythmic pattern and mix the contents w/ gastric juices; a thick pasty liquid consistency called chyme; peristalsis |
| emptying of stomach: the rate of which the stomach empties depends on what | the fluidity of the chyme and type of food |
| as chyme fills the duodenum internal pressure on organ increases this stretches what; the stretching action stimulates what | the intestinal wall; the sensory receptors in wall and triggers the enterogastric reflex |
| as chyme fills duodenum internal pressure on organ increases stretching what; this stretching stimulates what | stretchig the intestinal wall; the sensory receptors of wall triggering enterogastric reflex |
| the enterogastric reflex begins ____ and ends where | in s. intestines; stomach |
| the enterogastric reflex begins where; and ends where | in the s. intestines and ends in the stomach |
| womiting results in what | a reflex that empties the stomach in the reverse |
| what relaxes to release small amounts of chyme into the s. intestine | the pyloric sphincter |
| what empties through the stomach fastest to slowest | water, carbs, proteins, fats |
| name the alimentary canal from mouth to anus | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, s. intestine, l. intestine, rectum, anus |
| enterogastric reflex: what is the end result of the reflex | the stomach releases less chyme |
| what hormone can also result in a slow down of chyme release if chyme is high in fat | cholecystokinin |
| vomiting: where in brain is this initiated; what is the process | medulla oblongata; taking deep breaths raising soft palate, closing nasal cavity, closing the trachea; relaxing muscle at bottom of esophagus, |
| what is not digested in the stomach | carbs |
| pancreus: both an ____ and ___ gland; what does the exocrine function do; what is the endocrine function | endocrine and exocrine; secretion of digestive juices; the control of sugar |
| pancreas: location and shape; made up mostly of what; the acinar cells secrete what; | horizontal organ wit hhead in the duodonem with head inthe duodenal curce, behind the parietal pleura; acinar cells; digestive enzymes |
| pancreas: the acinar cells form clusters called ___; the clusters are around tubes and the tubes form larger and larger ones and the form the ____ duct; the pacreatic duct extends from where | acini; pancreatic duct; the length of the pancreas and trasports pancreatic juice to the s. intestines |
| pancreas: the pancreatic duct connects to what duct from the liver; just below the pancreatic duct and common bile duct connection is the _____; the ampulla is sourrounded by what | the common bile duct; ampulla ; band of smooth muscle called sphinter of oddi |
| pancreas: the sphincter of oddi is AKA; this sphincter controls the movement of what | hepatopancreatic sphincter; the movement of the digestive enzymes into the intestines |
| pancreatic juice: it contains ____ that digest what; what digests carbs; what digests lipids; what digests proteins | enzymes; proteins carbs and lipids; pancreatic amylase; pancreatic lipase; trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase |
| pancreatic juice: pancreatic amylase splits molecules of ____ into _____ | starch or glycogen ; disaccharides |
| pancreatic juice: pancreatic lipase splits molecules of ____ into _____ | triglycerides; fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| acute pancreatitis: s/s; results from what | a blockage in the release pancreatic juice; trypsin than builds up and digests parts of the pancreas ; alcoholism, gallstones, infections |
| pancreatic juice: zymogens- what are they ; zygomen granules need to be ____; why are they needed | inactive forms of protein digesting enzymes that prevent the enzymatic digestion of protein in the cells and ducts of digestive organs; activated ; so body does not digest itself |
| pancreatic juice: nucleases- how many does it have; what are they ; what do they break down | 2; enzymes ; break down nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides |
| pancreatic juice: nucleases- the high concetration of bicarbonate ion that the juice alkaline or acidic; the alkalinity provides an environment for what | alkaline; the actions of the digestive enzmes and helps neutralize the acidic chyme as it arrives from the stomach |
| pancreatic juice: nucleases- why does the intestinal enzymes need an alkaline environment | to function and also serves to shut down the activity of pepsin so it will not damage the intestinal wall |
| regulation of pancreatic secretions: cholecystokinin reaches the pancreas by way of what | the bloodstream |
| regulation of pancreatic secretions: secretin- what is it; secreted by what organ; it does what | a hormone; the duodenal mucous membrane; it stimulates the release of large amounts of bicarbonate ion by the pancreas to neutralize the acid of the entering chyme |
| regulation of pancreatic secretions: cholecystolinin: what is it; secreted by what; it is secreted when the chyme has ___ and __; stimulates what; can move to stomach to slow down ___ | hormone; the duodenal mucous membrane; when chyme contains prteins and fats; the release of large amounts of pancreatic digestive juices and bile; can also move to stomach to slow down bile |
| what is the largest organ in the body | the liver |
| liver: functions- regulates carbs how; converts glucose to ___ ; stores and release ___; oxidizes ____ for what | regulates carb metabolism by maintaining normal blood glucose; glyogen; glygogen; fatty acids for a form of cellular respiration |
| liver: functions- synthesizes what; converts excess carbs and proteins into ___ for storage; delaminates amino how; | lipoproteins phospholipids and cholesterol; fats; by contverting ammonia into urea |
| liver: functions- synthesiss three common blood proteins __ ___ __; breaks down ___ by what; detoxifies what; stores what; forms ___ for digestion | fibrinogen, globulins, albumins; RBCs and other foreign substances by phagocytosis; alcohol and other posins; blood; bile for digestion |
| liver: held in place by what ; where does the falciform ligament attached; where does the coronary ligament attached , the falciform ligament is a fold of what | two ligaments; to the abdominal wall anteriorly ; to the diaphragm superior ; the visceral peritonem |
| liver: CT divides the liver into what | a larger right and smaller left lobe |
| liver: what is the functional unit; a hepatic lobule consists of what | hepatic lobules; many hepatic cells radiating from a central vein |
| liver: what are hepatic sinusoids ; what is brought to the hepatic sinusoid | separates platelike groups of the hepatic cells from each other; blood from the digestive tract brings newly absorbed nutrients into sinusoids |
| liver: blood from the digestive tract is carried by what vein; what do kupffer cells do; | the hepatic portal vein; some of the blood from portal vein contains bacteria these cells in sinusoids that remove bacteria by phagocytosis |
| liver: the blood moves from the hepatic sinusoids to where; the blood moves from the central veins of hepatic lobes out of the body by what vein | central veins of the hepatic lobes; hepatic vein |
| liver: what is the portal vein; why does the blood go to the liver before the heart | it comes of of the vena cava and goes to the liver before it goes to the heart ; because the blood has just come from the digestive tract and the nutrients need to removed |
| liver: where are nutrients absorbed | in the hepatic sinusoids |
| liver: cirrhosis is caused by what | hepatitis and alcoholism |
| liver: what are hepatic ducts; the hepatic ducts merge to form what; what moves the bile to the gall bladder | large ducts into which a lot of little ducts drain ; the common bile duct; the common bile duct |
| composition of bile: how often is bile made ; color; what is it made up of; what is the only bile substance that has a digestive function; what is used to produce bile salts; what are bile pigments; the bile pigments are breakdown products of what | continuously; yellowish green; water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and some electrocytes; bile salts ; cholesterol; bilirubin and biliverdin; hemoglobin from RBCs |
| composition of bile: the yellowish skin scherae and mucous membranes of jaundice results from what ; where is bile stored | the excess deposit of bile pigments ; in the gallbladder |
| gallbladder: shape and location; what connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct | pear shaped located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver; the cystic duct |
| gallbladder: when is bile released; | by the stimulation of the hormone cholecystokinin; |
| gallbladder: what is formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts ; the common bile duct leads to where; what is the hepatopancreatic sphincter ; | the common bile duct ; the duodenum; and the end of the common bile duct before the duodenum |
| gallbladder: gallstones- what happens as the lining reabsorbs some water and electrolytes; what can happen if the solution is more concentrated ; what can a gallstone do | the bile can become more concentrated; sometimes the cholesterol becomes crystalized forming the stores; it can block the flow of bile |
| gallstones: the fattier the food the more ______ you will secrete | cholecystokinin |
| function of bile: what is emulsification; why does the fat need to be broken down ; if bile an enzyme | soap to cut grease and break up large fat globules into smaller ones; to increase the surface area of fats so the can be mixed ith water and digested by lipases; no |
| bile salts: they promote the absorbtion of what ; why these vitamens | fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamins like A,D, E and K; b/c they are fat soluble |
| biles salts : lack of these results in what | poor absorbtion of lipids and vitamin deficiencies |
| where does the best and final digestion and absorption take place | s. intestine |
| s. intestines: what are the 3 portions; what portion is the shortest; what portions are most flexible | duodenum, and jejunum ileum ; the duodenum ; jejunum and ileum |
| s. intestines: how is the jejunum ileum separated | not by really any distinction |
| s. intestines: mesentary- def ; what does it hold; what is in it; what is hte greater omentum; why Bvs in mesentary ; the mesentary prevents what | a double layered fold of peritoneum that; jejunum and ileum; BVs, nerves, Lymph vessels; a fat sac that lies over the intestines ; supplies BVs; kinks in the S. intestines |
| structures of S. intestines: intestinal villi- what are they; they greatly increase what | the inner wall lined with the tiny projections of mucous mem; the surface area for absorbtion and digestion |
| structures of S. intestines: intestinal villi- what is a lacteal; what does a lacteal absorb | on the intestinal villus it is a lymph capillary (1) fats |
| structures of S. intestines: what is the lumen | the hollow portion of the s. intestine |
| structures of S. intestines: intestinal villi- what is microvilli; it is tiny villi on the ___ ; the microvilli do what ; the micrvilli secrete what | on the epithelial cells of the villus and it forms a brush border; villi ; increase the surface area for absorbtion; digestive enzymes |
| structures of S. intestines: intestinal glands- where are they located; they secrete what | between the bases of adjacent villi; secrete mucous from goblet cells |
| structures of S. intestines: what do brunner's glands do; is it alkaline or acidic | they secrete a watery fluidthat is quickly absorbed on the villi; alkaline |
| structures of S. intestines: plicae circulares- what are they; what do they do | circular folds on the lining of the small intestines; increase surface area and as the food moves along and rotates in a cirle |
| secretions of the small intestines: where are the two sources located for mucous | the goblet cells in the epithelium nad the brunner's glands |
| do the intestinal glands secrete digestive enzymes | no |
| secretions of the small intestines: where is the watery absortive fluid located ; what does this fluid do | in the intestinal glands; moves the food along |
| secretions of the small intestines: brush border enzymes- what are they; what do they do | they are digestive enzymes embedded in the microvilli; they do the final break down food molecules prior to absorption |
| secretions of the small intestines: brush border enzymes- peptidases- digestion what; enzymes do final splitting of protein fragments to what ; is there more than one type | proteins; amino acids; yes |
| secretions of the small intestines: brush border enzymes- what is the final carb enzymes that split carbs; splits what into what | sucrase, maltase, lactase; split disaccharides into simple sugar; |
| secretions of the small intestines: brush border enzymes- what digestives the final fats ; these get absorbed into what | intestinal lipase; the lacteals |
| the presence of chyme and the distention of the intestinal wall stimulates what | the parasympathetic system to activate the activity of the intestinal glands |
| absorption of the small intestines: carbs- absorbed by what; is process known | active transport or facilliated diffusion; no |
| absorption of the small intestines: how are proteins absorbed | by active transport |
| absorption of the small intestines: lipids- almost entirely digested by what ; they collect in ___ are sourround by ___; they are called what | intestinal mucosa and pancreatic enzymes; clusters and sourrounded by proteins; lipoproteins named chylomicrons |
| absorption of the small intestines: how is water absorbed into the villi; how are electrolytes absorbed | osmosis; active transport |
| parastolic rush: aka; what causes it; chyme moves through so fast there is no time for what ; possibility for what | diarrhea; irritation, overextension, virus; absorbtion of water and electrolyes ; dehydration |
| movements of s. intestines: what is it ; usually closed or open; when is it opened | a sphincter muscle between the s. and l. intestines ; when peristolic movements of the ileum push food through this opening |
| l. intestines: is there alot or a little digestive activity ; what is its main function | little; to reabsorb water form and store feces; |
| l. intestines: what is at the beginning of the large intestines; what is the vermiform appendix; the the appendix digest; purpose of the appendix | cecum; a dilated pouch like structure; it projects downward from the cecum; no; lympahtic tissue that can replace the bacteria after diarrhea |
| l. intestines: what are the 4 portions of the colon | the ascending, transverse descending and sigmoid colon; |
| l. intestines: anal canal- what is at the distal end; what are the two sphincters of the anus ; what sphincter of the anus is voluntary and what one is involuntary | it opens to the outside as the anus; the internal and external; the exernal the internal |
| does the large intestines have villi | no |
| large intestines: how many longitudinal muscle fibers are there; what is the name for longitudinal muscle fibers; what do the langitudinal muscle fibers do; what are the pouches called; | 3; teniae coli; they put tension on the wall of intestine causing pouches; haustra; |
| large intestines: what is diverticulum; how does a diverticulum occur | an outstretched haustra; if the haustra become inflamed-diverticulitis |
| function of l. intestines: what do the goblet cells do; what is a good pH and why | they secrete mucous to lubricate and hold fecal matter together and help control pH; alkaline b/c bacteria sometimes release acid from the feces |
| function of l. intestines: what absorbs occurs ; how are electrolytes transported; how is water transported; what does bacteria break down; what does bacteria synthesize; what does bacteria produce | water and electrolytes; by active transport; fibers called cellulose; vitamins; gas called flatus |
| defecation: is the mixing and peristalsis slower or faster than the s. intestines ; def ; why do we defacate only a few times aday ; when does defecation usually occur | slower; elimination of fecal matter; b/c peristalsis occurs a few times a day ; following a meal due to the gastrocolic reflex |
| what is the name for the bacteria that inhabit the intestines | intestinal flora |
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jmkettel
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