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Infection
Ch. 13 Nsng 105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an infection | invasion of a susceptible host by potentially harmful microorganisms, resulting in disease. |
| What is the difference between infection and colonization? | Colonization is the presence and growth of microbes within a host but w/o tissue invasion or damage. No disease or infection caused. |
| What is a communicable disease | infectious disease transmitted directly from one person to another, contagious |
| What is symptomatic? | clinical signs & symptoms r present |
| What is asymptomatic? | clinical signs and symptoms are not present |
| The process resulting in an infection is referred to as ________ | the chain of infection |
| Components of the chain of infection are? | infectious agent, reservoir or place of pathogen growth, portal of exit from reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of entry into host |
| what is virulence? | ability to produce disease, enter/exit, survive in host |
| Are resident skin microbes virulent? | No, but can become so when surgery enters them into the body |
| What are common reservoirs? Two types of human reservoirs | humans, animals, insects, food, water, organic matter on fomites. Those with acute/symptomatic disease Those with no signs of disease but are carriers |
| What are HAI's? | Health care associated infections, not present before admission. |
| Where are common HAI's? | workers, pxt's body excretions, equipment, health care environment |
| How can microbes exit? | respiratory, gastro, urinary, reproductive tracts, mucous membr, blood, skin |
| Name each as bacteria or virus | Ecoli, Hep A,B,C, TB, herpes, Streptococcus, HIV, Rickettsia, gonorrhea |
| What is direct contact? Indirect contact? | Person to person, source- susceptible host contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object, needles |
| What is droplet contact? | up to 3 feet, coughing, sneezing, talking |
| Airborne contact | droplet, residue, evaporated droplets in air, sneezing, coughing |
| Vehicles | contaminated food, water, blood |
| Vectors | mosquitos, ticks, fleas |
| Factors that affect degree of resistance | age, nutritional status, presence of chronic disease, trauma, smoking |
| When is a host no longer susceptible? | When acquire immunity by natural/artificial |
| When does a baby acquire antibodies from the mother? | Through placenta during last months of pregnancy |
| What is pathogenicity? | extent of infection |
| what is systemic infection? | Affects entire body, as evidenced by fever, incr WBC |
| What natural defenses does the body have? | normal flora, body system defenses, immune system |
| What is the body inflammatory's response | a protective reaction that neutralizes pathogens and repairs body cells |
| What is inflammation? | body's cellular response to injury or infection |
| How is inflammation protective? | deliver fluid, blood products, nutrients to injured site. |
| What are signs of inflammation? | swelling, redness, heat, pain, tenderness, loss of function |
| What are signs of systemic infection? | fever, leukicytosis, malaise, anorexiz, nausea, vomiting, lymph node enlargement. |
| What are antigens? | Foreign material |
| What are exogenous infections? | comes from microbes found outside the ind, like Salmonella, Aspergillus, Clostridium, tetani |
| what are endogenous infections | Part of pxt's flora becomes altered and overgrowth results: staph, enterococci, yeasts, strep |
| What is asepsis? | free from disease-producing microbes |
| What two types of asepsis r there? | medical: clean to reduce and prevent spread of microbes, betadine, betahexadine Surgical: sterile, eliminate all microbes from area |
| What changes occur in older adults that affect infection control? | less tears, dry mucosa, incr chest diameter and rigidity, decr swallow, decr digestive juices/intest mobility, thin skin, decr T & B lymphocytes |
| For the nursing diagnosis risk for infection what are defining characteristics? | inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, stasis of body fluids Secondary def: decr hemoglobin, WBC |
| A good goal and outcome for diagnosis "risk for infection" | Goal: to control or decr progression of infection Outcome: pxt's wound drainage decr in 3 days |
| asceptic methods | hand hygiene, disinfection, sterilization |
| What are standard precautions? | hand hygiene, use of barriers (gloves, gowns, masks) |
| what are transmission based precautions? | isolation |
| cleaning involves removing organic mat. like blood. It comes before what? | disinfection/sterilization |
| What does disinfection do? | eliminates almost all patho orgs, except bacterial spores |
| What does sterilization do? | destroys all forms of microbes incl spores |
| What are some sterilization methods? | steam, dry heat, hydrogen peroxide plasma, ehtylene oxide |
| Use alcohol hand rub when? | before contact, before putting on sterile gloves, inserting cath, after contact with pxt skin, mucus, fluids, after remove gloves |
| What are the two tiers of precautions? | standard - body fluid, blood, nonintact skin, mucus mem specific types of infection: droplet, air, contact |
| What are airborne precautions? | negative pressure airflow, chixpox, TB, HEPA filtration mask |
| Droplet precautions | within 3 ft of pxt, private room, mask/respirator, mupms, pneumonia, |
| contact precautions | VRE, MRSA, private room, gloves, gowns |
| protective env | transplant, positive pressure room, HEPA filtration, respirator mask, gloves, gown |
| Entering isolation Exit isolation | Gown, mask, eyewear, gloves gloves, eyewear, gown, mask, hand hygiene |
| what is neutropenia | low WBC count |
| Who is at risk for latex allergy? | spina bifida, congenital/urogenital defects, indwelling cath, mult childhood surg, food allergies |
| Steps in getting specimens | use sterile equip, seal, label (in front of pxt), bag |
| sterile obj remains _______ only when touched by ________ obj. | Sterile |
| sterile touching clean becomes ______? | clean contaminated, questionable |
| sterile field becomes contaminated when? | out of range of vision, prolong air exposure, wet surface, liquid flows over, edges of sterile field (1 in) |
| How pour sterile liquid? | pour little bit, discard, pour second time in sterile container |
Created by:
palmerag
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