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Micro Test2
Microbiology test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The energy currency of cells. Hydrolysis of its unstable phosphate bonds can be used to power endergonic (energy-consuming) reactions. |
| Anabolism | Processes that utilize energy stored in ATP to synthesize and assemble the subunits (building blocks) of macromolecules that make up the cell; biosynthesis. |
| Catabolism | Process that harvest energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose, using it to synthesize ATP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another, and, in the process, move protons across the membrane to create a proton motive force. |
| Enzyme | A protein that functions as a catalyst, speeding up a biological reaction. |
| Fermentation | Metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic compounds completely, using an organic intermediate such as pyruvate or a derivative as a terminal electron acceptor. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting chemical energy. |
| Photophosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting radiant energy. |
| Precursor Metabolites | Metabolites intermediates that can either be used to make the subunitd of macromolecules, or be oxidized to generate ATP. |
| Proton Motive Force | Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane, creating a chemiosmotic gradient |
| Respiration | Process that involves transfer of electrons stripped from a chemical energy source to an electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force that is then used to synthesize ATP. |
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic (energy-releasing) chemical reaction. |
| Terminal Electron Acceptor | Chemical such as O2 that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration. |
| Anoxygenic Phototrophs | Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2 |
| Chemolithotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals. |
| Chemoorganotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing organic chemicals. |
| Chemotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing chemicals. |
| Cyanobacteria | Gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts. |
| Lactic Acid Bacteria | Gram-positive bacteria that gernate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism. |
| Methanogens | Archea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas, using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor, thereby generating methane. |
| Myxobacteria | Gram-negative bacteria that congregate to form complex structures called fruiting bodies. |
| Nitrifiers | Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonia or nitrate. |
| Oxygenic Phototrophs | Photosynthetic organisms that produce O2 |
| Prosthecate Bacteria | Grame-negative bacteria that have extensions projecting from the cells, thereby increasing their surface area. |
| Spirochetes | Long helical bacteria that have flexible cell walls and axial filaments. |
| Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria | Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, thereby generating sulfuric acid. |
| Alga | A unicellular or simple multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organism. |
| Arthropod | Taxonomic grouping of invertebrate animals that includes insects, ticks, live, and mites. |
| Convergent Evolution | Process of evolution when two genetically different organism develop similar environment adaptations. |
| Eucarya | Name of the domain comprising eukaryotic organisms. |
| Fungus | A non-photosynrhetic eukaryotic organism. |
| Helminth | A parasitic worm. |
| Nematode | Roundworm. |
| Neurotoxin | Toxin that damages the nervous system. |
| Phytoplankton | Floating and swimming algae and photosynthetic Prokaryotic organisms of lakes and oceans |
| Polymorphic | Having different distinct forms. |
| Protozoa | Group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms. |
| Toxin | Poisonous Chemical substance. |
| Trematodes | Flatworms known also as flukes. |
| yeasts | Unicellular Fungi |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; often shortened to phage. |
| Burst Size | Number of newly formed virus particles released from a single cell following virus replication. |
| Carrier Cells | Cells that are capable of releasing virus particles without being killed by the virus. |
| Host | The organism infected by the virus. |
| Latent State | The state of phage when its DNA is integrated into the genome of the host. |
| Lysogen | A bacterium that carries phage DNA (the prophage) integrated into its genome. |
| Lysogenic Conversion | The change in properties of a bacterium as a result of carrying a prophage. The phage DNA codes for the new properties. |
| Maturation | The stage in viral replication in which the various components of the virion assemble to form a whole virion; also termed assembly. |
| Productive Infection | Virus infection in which more virus particles are produced as a result of infection. |
| Prophage | Phage DNA that is integrated into the genome of a host. |
| Temperate Phage | A phage that has the ability to integrate its DNA into the chromosome of the host. |
| Virion | A complete virus in its inert non-replicating form. |
Created by:
katrina14
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