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Ch. 3 Earths Crust
Environmental Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a dense, solid outer layer of Earth | lithosphere |
| the 2 most common elements that make up the compounds of the lithosphere | oxygen and silicon |
| as Earth cooled, water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form the _____ | oceans |
| the surface water, along with water that exists below ground, make up the layer called what? | hydrosphere |
| a blanket of gases that covers the lithosphere and hydrosphere | atmosphere |
| the layer that covers the mantle | crust |
| 3 examples of elements from minerals | gold, copper, and carbon |
| 4 examples of the more common minerals | feldspar, mica, quartz, and calcite |
| minerals can be changed into different minerals by what 3 things? | heat, pressure, or chemical processes |
| the hot, molten rock from Earth's interior | magma |
| what does igneous rock contain? | large interlocking crystals |
| magma that flows out onto Earth's surface during volcanic eruption | lava |
| forms by the hardening and cementing of rock particles or fragments | sedimentary rocks |
| form as heat and pressure from geologic processes deep within Earth change the composition of existing sedimentary and igneous rocks | metamorphic rocks |
| a German scientist that proposed that all the continents had once been joined together as a single supercontinent | Alfred Wegener |
| when all the continents had once been joined together as a single supercontinent | pangaea |
| the German scientists name of the theory that all the continents had been a supercontinent | continental drift |
| as the seafloor widened, the _______ on either side were pushed apart | continents |
| a large system of underwater volcanic mountains which was called what | mid-ocean ridge |
| a deep crack that runs along the crest of the mountains | central rift valley |
| cracks in the Earth's crust along which movement has occured | faults |
| a ship that drilled many cores of crustal rock form the seafloor on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge | Glomar Challenger |
| rigid slabs of crustal rock that float on Earth's mantle | plates |
| describes the interactions of the moving plates that make up Earth's crust | plate tectonics |
| as North and South America continue to move westward, the Atlantic Ocean will widen as the Pacific Ocean narrows. what is this the work of? | plate tectonics |
| the process by which the seafloor plunges through a trench into Earth's interior | subduction |
| the trenches where crustal rock descends into the mantle | subduction zones |
| they melt as they plunge deep into the subduction zones | oceanic plates |
| were formed as the Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate; still rising; are among the youngest mountains on Earth | Himalaya Mountains |
| areas where plates move past each other in opposite directions | transform boundaries |
| an example of a transform fault in California is what? | San Andreas Fault |
| an opening in Earth's crust through which molten magma reaches the surface | volcano |
| what volcanoes blast into the atmosphere when they erupt | ash, dust, and gases |
| what are 2 well-known explosive volcanoes | Mount Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens |
| when volcanoes are made of alternating layers of lava and ash, they are called what kind of volcanoes? | composite volcanoes |
| an example of a composite volcano in the Indonesian island chain | Krakatoa |
| a volcano formed when ash and cinders expelled from the volcano's opening mound up | cinder cone volcano |
| volcanoes that ooze magma out of cracks, or vents, and from the crater in top | shield volcanoes |
| a dormant volcano in northwest Washington State; it is the tallest peak in the Cascades, a chain of mountains that parallel the Pacific Coast | Mount Rainier |
| spots in the mantle that are often responsible for hot springs and island chains | hot spots |
| crustal movements along faults | earthquakes |
| huge ocean waves or series of waves usually associated with an earthquake | tsunamis |
| measures the shaking caused by an earthquake as recorded by a seismograph | The Richter Scale |
| heated rocks that are 12-13 miles underneath the volcano | thermal plume |
| a window to the center of the Earth | volcano |
| what does a volcano do? | rebuilds the planet's surface |
| the Earth of life began how long ago? | 4 billion |
| here when life began at the bottom of the ocean | hydrothermal vents |
| released from volcanoes and protects the Earth; released into the atmosphere | carbon dioxide |
| the planet that had too much carbon dioxide | Venus |
| protected the Earth from freezing over | volcanoes |
| first colony of life on Earth; type of bacteria | stromatalites |
| how many years ago when Earth started to cool? | 700 million |
| what Earth was known as when it froze over | snowball Earth |
| how many years ago when carbon dioxide was released from volcanoes to trap the heat | 600 million |
| the temperature during the time of snowball earth | -50* |
| what is the average temperature of the earth? | 15* celsius |
| what is the most powerful type of volcano on earth ? | subduction volcano |
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boydrac13
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