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Biology 321
Study quizes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pull of the recent (jack Sepkoski) | Richness overtime becomes biased towards higher diversity as we approach the present |
| Changes in diversity is due to? | Changes in rate of origin and/or extinction, or both. |
| If there is an increase in overall diversity, it could be due to? | Increase in rate of origination or decrease in rate of extinction. |
| Reason for decline in rate of extinction over time? (Gilinsky) | Loss of volatile species. Extant species have low volatility. |
| Lack of isolated gentically isolated populations causes? (Isolation of population 1,2, and 3 example) | Low speciation rates. |
| Species-level extinction is most likely caused by envrionmental changes. These include: | Loss of habitat, food resources. Predation, competition, disease. |
| Great land mass (all continents fitted together). Also based on shared fossil features. This is called? (Alfred Wegener). And what was this idea called? | Pangaea. Alfred Wegener's idea was called: "Continental drift" |
| Alex du Tiot came up with two ancient continents. The northern continent of _____; and the southern continent of ______ | Laurasia; Gondwanaland |
| What did Paleomagnetic studies reveal? | Continental wander (continental drift). -Found out via, polar wander |
| Vicariance is? | The splitting of a contiguous area (border sharing), that's then followed by speciation. |
| The incorporation of genetics into natural selection theory was called? | The modern thesis |
| Two-named bionomial system for species(Linneas). Species were named by their? | Genus and specific epithet. Example: Homo Sapiens |
| What are the two branches in systematics? and what are each of them? | Taxonomy, and Phylogentics. Taxonomy is describing and naming new taxa, while phylogenetics is determining evolutionary relationships among taxa. |
| The goal of systematics is to? | Create taxonomies that reflect phylogenies as closely as possible. |
| What polarization (Direction of change) also known as? | Priori |
| What is a derived character state? | It's a state that is different from the one present in the ancestor. Polarization (priori) applies to this. Directional change of 5 to 1 in toe numbers. This would be a derived character. Direction of change is lessening the number of toes. |
| Define: 1) Synapomorphies 2) Symplesiomorphies 3) Autapomorphies | 1) Shared derived traits 2) Shared, ancestral traits 3) Drived traits present in one taxon only |
| Principle of Parsimony (A.K.A. Occam's Razor) | Minimization of the number of changes to the branches of a phylogenetic tree |
| What are Homologous states? | They're character states that are present in more than taxon, and they arose once in the common ancestor of a taxon |
| What are Homoplasious states? What type of evolution can this be called? Give an example. | They're states that are present in more that one taxon, and they arose independently MORE than once (convergent or parallel evolution) Example: Fin-like forelimbs arose independently in ancestors of whales, seals, and manatees. |
| The goal of cladistics is to? What will this creat? | Create a scenario(tree, cladogram), where homology is maximized, and homoplasy is minimized. This will create the most parsimonious scenario, and the number of character state changes is minimized. |
| The goal of phylogenetic systematics is to? | Create taxonomies that contain only monophyletic groups. |
| Define: 1)Monophyletic taxa (or clades) 2)Paraphyletic taxa 3)Polyphyletic | Monophyletic taxa's contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor, and no others. Paraphyletic taxa are missing one or more descendants. Polyphyletic taxa include species that don't share a common ancestor. |
| ** Neighbour-joining is? | Based on overall sequence similarity. It uses single numbers that reflect overall similarity/difference |
| ** Maximum likelihood (ML) | Uses a priori of probabilities of state changes in nucleotides. Each tree is ranked on how well it predicts the sequence data. Tree with highest likelihood is selected. |
| ** Bayesian | Similar to ML but uses more of a priori |
| What can mess up branching patterns? | Hybridization and lateral gene transfer (LGT) |
| What are vestigial character state? | features that were functional in the ancestor of a species, but have been non-functional in the present state (still present in organism) Example: tail bones, wisdom teeth reduction of wings in flightless insects, reduction of eyes in cave dwelling ani |
| Convergent evolution | Functionally similar structures evolve independently via different developmental pathways. This is usually seen in distant taxa. |
| Parallel evolution | Functionally similar structures evolve independently using the same or similar developmental pathways. This is usually seen in related taxa. |
| Dollo's law | Once a complex character state has been lost, it cannot be re-evolved. It was assumed that each developmental step must re-evolve. But only the on/off switch had to re-evolve, because the developmental pathway is still present within the organism. |
| What are conservative and non-conservative characters? | Conservative characters are those that retain the same state for a very long time. And non-conservative characters are those that diversify rapidly (ex: body size). |
| What is mosaic evolution? | The evolution of different characters at different rates. |
| Rates and timing of developmental pathways can undergo evolutionary change aswell. This is called ____. An example of this is when an organism reaches reproductive maturity, while still having juvenile features, what is the name of this example? | Heterochrony. This example is referring to paedomorphosis. |
| What causes Paedomorphosis? | 1) Neoteny: Somatic cells (body) are slowed down, while the germ tissues continue growth at ancestral rates. 2) Progenesis: germ tissue development is increased, while somatic development continues at the ancestral rate. |
| What is adaptive radiation? | |
| Complexity can be measured as? | A number of parts or number of differently shaped parts. |
| What is Mullerian mimicry? | When different species exhibit similar aposematic colouration, which represents danger of toxics |
| What is Batesian mimicry? | When a harmless species mimics the colouration of a harmful one |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Diversification of organisms caused by environmental change. Example: Darwin's finches. 13 types of finch species that shared a common ancestor. Each had different bills that were adapted to their food source in their environment. |
| Ford Doolittle suggests that? | There's several origins of life, because early LGT in organisms makes it hard to make a universal life tree. |
| What are the evidence for a single origin of life on earth? | 1) Universaility of the genetic code 2) shared basic feautures such as genome replication and gene expression 3) Sequence similarity |
| What is the RNA world? | The RNA world is when short RNA molecules could self-replicate without the help of proteins. |
| When did the cambrian explosion happen? | ~542 MYA |
| Causes of the cambrian explosion? | Increased in oxygen levels that allowed evolution of large animals. Duplication of hox genes, developmental mutation that started of the diversity of bilaterian body plans. Predation and arms race. |
| Predation and arms race. | Predation causued the increase in body sizes, and skeletonization. The arms race between predators and prey could have caused an increase in the rate of morphological diversification. Predation could have also caused the evolution of swimming. |
| Invasion of land occured when? | Late ordovician/early silurian |
| When did the amniota appear? What did they give rise to? | Carboniferous. mammals and reptiles. |
| what did reptiles give rise to? | Diapsids, suchs as turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs. |
| What is the K-T? and when was it? | Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. ~66 MYA. |
| Eldrege and Gould stated that :Orgin of closely related taxa occurs by way of? | Punctuated equilibrium. There's a period of no morphological change called stais. Then speciation events occur where there is morphological change. i.e., morphological change only occurs during speciation. |
| Cladogenesis is? | splitting of lineage that results in a new taxa being formed |
| Anogenesis is? | Change within a lineage without splitting. |
| In populations undergoiing speciation, what characters cannot evolve? | Morphological characters. i.e., anagaenesis cannot occur. |
| T or F. Are rates of extinction and origin correlated? | True |
| What are the 5 big mass extinctions? | End ordovician, late devonian, end permian, end triassic, end cretaceous |
| T or F. Mass extinction events can reset global ecological balances. | True |
| What is megafaunal extinction? | Extinction of large animals. Many places on earth, large animals became extinct, while smalll ones did not. |
| how is taxon richness affected during taphonomy? | Not all species will fossilize, fossilized organisms can be lost. |
| What revealed, and confirmed continental drift? | Study of paleomagentics, which showed polar wander, and continental wander. Also, mapping of a mid-ocean ridge over several years. |
| Glaciation happened during? What did it cause? And did it allow biotas to move to other land masses? | Pleistocene. Caused lowering of sea-levels; water locked away in ice. Yes. |
Created by:
ighani
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