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Microbiology Ch 9
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antisepsis | reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue |
| Aseptic | refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants |
| -cide; -cidal | suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe |
| Degerming | removal of microbes by mechanical means |
| Disinfection | destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue |
| Pasteurization | use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages |
| Sanitation | Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards |
| -stasis; -static | suffixes indicating inhibition, but not complete destruction |
| Sterilization | Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object |
| action of antimicrobial agents | alteration of cell walls & membranes |
| Effects of high temps | *Denature proteins *Interfere with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane & cell wall *Disrupt structure & function of nucleic acids |
| Thermal death Point | Lowest temp that kills all cells in broth in 10 min |
| Thermal death Time | Time to sterilize volume of liquid at set temp |
| Methods of microbial control using Moist Heat | *Boiling *Autoclaving *Pasteurization *Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization |
| Moist heat - Boiling | *Kills vegetative cells of bacteria & fungi, protozoan trophozites, most viruses *Boiling time is critical *Endospores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses can survive boiling |
| Moist head - Autoclaving | *Pressure applied to boiling water prevents steam from escaping *Boiling temp inc. as pressure inc. (Temp inc. = Pressure inc.) *Autoclave cond. |
| Moist heat - Boiling | *Kills vegetative cells of bacteria & fungi, protozoan trophozites, most viruses *Boiling time is critical *Endospores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses can survive boiling |
| Moist heat - Autoclaving | *Pressure applied to boiling water prevents steam from escaping *Boiling temp inc. as pressure inc. (Temp inc. = Pressure inc.) *Autoclave cond. |
| Moist heat- Pasteurization | *Used for milk, ice cream, yogurt, & fruit juices *Not sterilization (Heat-tolerant microbes survive) |
| Pasteurization of milk | *Batch method *Flash pasteurization *Ultrahigh-temp pasteurization (140*C for 1 sec, then rapid cooling) can be stored at room temp |
| Selective toxicity | antimetabolic agents can be effective when metabolic processes of pathogen & host differ |
| Quinolones & fluoroquinolones | active against prokaryotic DNA gyrase |
| Prevention of Virus Attachment | *Attachment antagonists block viral attachment or receptor proteins *New area of antimicrobial drug development |
| Routes of Administration *Topical *Oral route *Intramuscular *Intravenous | *Topical application of drug for external infections (Neosporin) *Oral Route requires no neelds & is self-administered (pills or liquid) |
| Routes of Administration cont. *Intramuscular *Intravenous | *Intramuscular administration delivers drug via needle into muscle (inject in muscle) *Intravenous administration delivers drug directly to bloodstream (IV, usually=hospitalization) |
| Toxicity | -adverse effect usually on organ *cause of many adverse reactions poorly understood *drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves *Consideration needed when prescribing drugs to pregnant women |
| Allergies | *Allergic reactions are rare but may be life threatening *Anaphylactic shock (life threatening, quick allergic reaction) |
| Oral candidiasis (thrush) | involves white curd-like growth of the mucus membranes of the mouth |
Created by:
jklemz
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