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Biology-Chapter 15
Origins of Biological Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Species Concept | group of populations whose members can breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring |
| microevolution | highly adapted version of first form of life |
| macroevolution | more changes in species |
| reproductive isolation | condition in which a reproduction barrier keeps two species from interbreeding |
| speciation | Origin of New Species |
| Timing | two similar species may have different breeding seasons |
| behavior | two similar species may have different residence of supreme ruler or mating behaviors |
| habitat | adapted to different habitats in the same general location |
| incompatible sturctures | 2 seemingly similar species may be unable to mate because their reporductive structures are physically incompatible |
| sterile hybrids | some reproductive barriers come into play after fertilization takes place 1. hybrid zygote may fail to develop 2. hybrid offspring may mature into adults, but they are infertile |
| Geographic isolation | separation of populations as a result of geographic change |
| adaptive radiation | evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species adapted to different environments |
| Punctuated equilibrium | organisms evolve rapidly followed by a period of no change |
| Gradualism | organisms evolve slowly over time |
| refinement of existing adaptations | any living organism has a # of adaptations ex: fins & flippers of swimming animals ~complex structure may have evolved from a simpler structure having the same basic function |
| adaptations of existing structures to new functions | flipper of penguins is modified as wings ~natural selection has remodeled the wings into powerful flippers of swimming *though penguins cannoy fly though the air, they are strong, fast underwater swimmers. They can dive into the sea to hunt small fish. |
| Evolution and Development | 2 types of salamanders, one adapted for climbing, and other adapted for ground of in the water |
| How fossils form | remains of organisms buried by sediments, dust, or volcanic ash |
| Geologic time scale | organizes Earth's history into four distinct ages known as the Precambrian, Paleozoi, Mesozoic, and Cenozoi eras |
| Dating Fossils | Radiometric dating- based on the measurement of certain radioactive isotopes in objects and carbon dating-only be used to find the age of recent fossils |
| How does continental drift lead to macroevolution? | Continental drift is when the continents slowly start to separate, and that's how the same kinda of fossils are in different parts of the country ~evident from fossil records after the continents moved |
| Mass Extinctions (when did they occur, what followed them) | 5 or 6 distinct periods of mass extinctions over the last 600 millions years ~marks the end of a period, ex: dinosaurs, on Earth for 150million years, and less then 10 million years later, all gone |
| Taxonomy | I.D. naming, and classification of species |
| Linnaean Classification System | assigns a 2-part name to each species, sorting out the animals by classification, like a chart |
| phylogenetic tree | branching diagram, suggesting evolutionary relationships that classifies species into groups within groups |
| Convergent evolution | process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar |
| Analogous structures | similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution, ex: wings of insects and those of birds, evolve independantly and are built from different structures |
| molecular data (how do we use this in taxonomy) | molecular data agree with evidence from other sources, such as body structure ex: fossil data have indicated that whales are closely related to hippos, cows, deer, and pigs |
| Cladistics | all of the organisms as a clade must share homologous structures that do not occur outside the clade, specifies the source of characters of clades |
| Conflicts b/t Cladistics and traditional classification | Trad. Class. seems to go against common sense and tradition, cladistics, seems more though out and realistic |
| 2 and 3-Kingdom Schemes | broadest taxonomic category. Linnaeus divided all known forms so they put protists such as protozoans into their own kingdom, but model failed |
| 5-Kingdom Scheme | divide into animals, fungi, plants, protists, and monerans |
| Three Domains-which ones? | Bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes |
Created by:
amstah
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