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A & P : Resp/Phon
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the parts of the body? | Trunk (torso/abdomen); dorsal trunk is in the back; cranium; upper and lower extremities |
| Sagittal Plane of Reference | Divides the body or organ into left or right portions, any view from left or right (intact or cut) |
| Transverse/Horizontal Plane of Reference | Divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, any view from above or below *intact or cut |
| Coronal/Frontal Plane of Reference | Divides front and back parts of a body or organ, any view from the front or back (intact or cut) |
| Anterior or Ventral View | View from the front |
| Posterior or dorsal | View from the back |
| Medial Viwe | view from the midline/middle |
| lateral view | view from the side |
| superior view (cranial) | view from the top looking down |
| inferior | view from the bottom looking up |
| Epithelial Tissue | Superficial layer of mucous membrane and cells of the skin |
| connective tissue | Supportive tissue that may be solid, liquid or gel-like |
| muscular tissue | Tissues that have the ability to contract |
| Nervous Tissue | Tissue that allows for sensory and motor communication within the body |
| Hyaline Cartilage | (type of connective tissue) found on articulating surfaces of bones; costal cartilage of ribs; larynx; trachea; bronchial passages |
| Yellow (elastic) Cartilage | Firm, elastic (type of connective tissue) found on pinna/epiglottis |
| Respiratory System | Provides the energy source for speech; responsible for gas exchange between us and environment; consists of oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, trachea, bronchial passageways |
| Phonatory System | Involved in the production of voice; consists of the respiratory structures and larynx |
| Articulatory/Resonatory System | Utilized for the shaping and combining of speech sounds for verbal expression; consists of anatomy primarily used for eating/swallowing and respiration (oral structures: tongue, teeth, lips, jaw, palate) |
| Nervous System | Provides control for all other systems (respiratory, phonatory, etc.); includes all nerve tissue and structures of CNS / PNS |
| Auditory System | Involved in sense of hearing / processing of auditory information and balance; consists of structures of the ear |
| Respiration | exchange of gas (oxygen) between an organism and its environment |
| Inspiration | Once the lungs expand air flows into them bringing oxygen to the body |
| Expiration | Once the lungs are compressed air flows out of them to eliminate waste products (carbon dioxide) |
| Air Pressure | The force exerted on a surface by air molecules; the changes in air pressure within the lungs chamber drive inhalation |
| Boyle's Law | P=F/A (p=pressure;f=force;a=area); material in a gaseous or liquid state and at a constant temperature; if you increase the volume of the container/chamber, the air pressure decreases, if volume decreases the pressure increases |
| Causes of Negative Air Pressure | Increasing the volume or size of the closed system will decrease the air pressure; same number of air molecules bouncing around a larger space |
| Causes of Positive Air Pressure | Decreasing the size or volume of the closed system will increase the pressure; less space makes the molecules push out harder on the surface of the system |
| Components of the Respiratory System | Nasal/Oral Cavities; pharynx; larynx; trachea; lungs; thoracic cavity |
| The Thorax | The rib cage (vertebral column, ribs, sternum); pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula); pelvic girdle (keeps trunk upright during breathing) |
| Trachea | Runs from the inferior border of the larynx to the carina (point of bifurcation) where it splits to become the two mainstem bronchial tubes |
| Right Lung & Mainstem Bronchi | Goes off at a 20-30 degree angle: more likely to have aspirated foods down it because of the lesser angle |
| Left Lung & Mainstem Bronchi | Goes down at a 45-55 degree angle; less likely to have aspiration occur from food swallowed wrong way |
| Blood / Gas Exchange | The alveoli are highly vascularized by 2000 capillaries per alveolus. The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin to allow for oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to exit the blood stream. |
| Are lungs made of muscles? | No Lungs are not made of muscles |
| Why do lungs expand? | Lungs expand as a result of the enlargement of the structures surrounding them (they move because the muscles around them move) |
| How are the lungs attached to surrounding muscle | Via the pleural lining. The lungs are entirely encased in visceral pleura which attaches via an airtight space filled with surfactant (mucous solution) to the parietal pleura which covers the interior surface of the thorax. |
| What is the relationship between the lung and thorax? (Sizes) | Thorax is larger than lungs in adults. Lungs are always slightly expanded because of this. |
| Where is the diaphragm in the body? | The diaphragm's superior border is attached to lungs/visceral pleura via diaphragmatic parietal pleura |
| What is the role of the diaphragm? | It is the primary muscle of quiet and forced inspiration. |
| What is the central tendon of the diaphragm? | The central tendon (housed inside the muscle fibers of the diaphragm) is pulled down and forward into the abdominal cavity thus enlarging the vertical dimension of the thorax/lungs. |
| How does the diaphragm move for breathing? | The contraction of the diaphragm down into the abdominal cavity opens up the thorax in a vertical dimension (superior/inferior dimension) |
| What is the difference between passive/quiet inspiration and forced inspiration? | In quiet inhalation the diaphragm is the only muscle being used. During forced inhalation accessory muscles of inhalation are used to increase the size of the thorax in the anterior-posterior and transverse dimension. |
| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? | Anterior thoracic muscles, posterior thoracic muscles, muscles of the neck, anterior muscles of the upper arm and shoulder, posterior muscles of the upper arm and whould |
| What forces are at work in passive expiration? | Torque of the condral portion of the ribs; elasticity/recoil of the spongy lung tissue and diaphragm muscle; gravity pulling on the expanded thorax; no muscular effect **** |
| What are the muscles of forced/active expiration? | Internal intercostal muscles; transverse thoracic muscle; posterior thoracic muscles; anterior and posterior abdominal muscles (stomach abs and lower back) |
| What are the developmental changes in respiration? | The number of breaths per minute, number of alveoli, the thorax size and volume; increased respiratory rates in children; |
| What are the physics of inspiration? | The diaphragm contracts pulling the pleural linings and enlarging the lungs in the vertical dimension. This creates a negative pressure within the alveolar spaces. Air rushes into the lungs from the atmosphere to balance the pressure. |
| What are the physics of exhalation? | The diaphragm relaxes. Forces of gravity, torque and elasticity bring the lungs inward reducing the alveolar space. As alveolar space decreases, pressure increases and air rushes out to balance with the atmosphere. |
| What are the pressure requirements for speech? | 3-5 cm H2O to blow vocal folds apart to start them vibrating and 7-10 cm H2O to sustain vibration of vocal folds for conversational speech |
| What are the duration differences for inhalation/exhalation for speech? | Quiet inhalation is 40 % and quiet exhalation is 60%. For speech inhalation is 10% of respiration cycle while exhalation is 90% |
| What are the volume requirements for speech? | Increased volume past the 500 ml taken for quiet tidal breathing is required for speech; increases in the amount of air are necessary for louder speech and longer phrasing |
| What is checking action? | Checking action helps us to slow down expiration by controlling/restraining the muscles of inspiration |
| What is phonation? | The act of voice; the production of sound made by the vibration of the vocal folds for the purpose of speech; occurs in the larynx |
| Cricoid Cartilage | Ring shape; inferior border of larynx; sits atop the trachea; back is higher than the front; articulates with the thyroid and arytenoids |
| Thyroid Cartilage | Largest laryngeal cartilage; articulates with the cricoid via two inferior processes/cornu; makes a forward and back rocking movements off of the cricoid; vocal folds attach to the anterior, inside of the thyroid |
| Arytenoid Cartilage | sit inside the thyroid, on the cricoid posteriorly; vocal folds have their posterior attachment to the arytenoids(vocal processes); muscular process of arytenoid points laterally and has muscles that control vocal fold adduction and abduction attach |
| Corniculate Cartilage | Paired cartilage; sit atop the arytenoids; prominent landmarks in the aryepiglottic folds; no real independent movement (behave as part of the arytenoids) |
| Cuneiform Cartilgae | Paired cartilages; sit inside the aryepiglottic fold/muscles |
| Epiglottis | leaf shaped cartilage; superior most structure of the larynx; sits at base of the tongue, medial to the thyroid |
| Hyoid Bone | Articulates with the thyroid cartilage by means of greater cornu and tritical cartilages (little cartilages on the thyroid); it unites the tongue and the larynx; point of attachment for 9 muscles of the tongue and larynx |
| The Corpus of the Hyoid | Point of attachment for 6 muscles; large part/body of the hyoid |
| The Greater Cornu & Lesser Cornu | The 'horns' are attachments for three muscles |
| Attachments of Larynx to the Hyoid | Connects the larynx to the hyoid bone: median thyrohyoid ligament; thyrohyoid membrane; lateral thyrohyoid ligament; lateral thyrohyoid ligament and hyoepiglottic ligament |
| Attachments to the tongue from the Larynx | Attachment from tongue to epiglottis: Lateral and median glossoepiglottic ligaments |
| What are the valleculae? | The space between the base of tongue and the epiglottis. |
| Attachment to Trachea from Larynx | Attachment of the Cricoid to the trachea: Cricotracheal membrane |
| What are the intrinsic ligaments? | Vocal ligament; vestibular ligament; cricothyroid ligament; thyroepiglottic ligament; ceratocricoid ligament |
| Aryepiglottic Folds | Course downward from the sides of the epiglottis to the apex of the aryetnoids/corniculate cartilages; cuneiform are within these folds; aryepiglottic muscle is within these folds |
| Pyriform Sinuses | The space between the folds of the aryepiglottic membranes and the thyroid cartilage |
Created by:
czimyeski
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