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Bio 101 exam A
Test: September 30, 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The main steps of the scientific method | Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test |
| Test does not support hypothesis | Revise hypothesis or pose new one |
| Test supports hypothesis | make additional predictions and test them |
| Experiments designed to test hypotheses must be | controlled experiments |
| Control groups are tested along with experimental groups | for the meaning of the results to be clear |
| Science is a body of | knowledge |
| Science is a collection of unified | insights about nature, a method |
| Unified insights are known as | theories |
| Scientific theories are supported by | evidence that explains some aspect of nature |
| science can be defined as a way of | learning: a process of coming to understand the natural work through observation and the testing of hypotheses. |
| Every assertion subject to | challenge and revision |
| results must be | reproducible |
| a hypothesis must be | falsifiable (open to negation) |
| First characteristic of living things | Can assimilate and use energy |
| Second characteristic of living things | Can respond to the environment |
| Third characteristic of living things | Can maintain a relative constant internal environment |
| Fourth characteristic of living things | Possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA, that allows them to function and reproduce |
| Fifth characteristic of living things | are composed of one or more cells |
| Sixth characteristic of living things | are highly organized compared to inanimate objects |
| Why study chemistry | Chemical reactions are central to life |
| Matter | is anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Energy | is the capacity to do work |
| Cell functioning | chain of chemical reactions: latching on, reforming, depositing, and breaking down |
| The nature of matter | The atom |
| Nucleus | Central, very small size |
| Protons | Positive charge, has mass |
| Neutrons | no charge, has mass |
| Electrons | orbit the nucleus; negative charge, no mass |
| Atoms are | usually electrically neutral |
| Number of electrons | number of protons |
| elements | cannot be reduced into simpler component substance through chemical processes |
| Atomic number | number of protons |
| One element | one atomic number |
| elements are listed on periodic table by the number of | protons |
| what kind of elements are we composed of | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| neutrons also | contribute to weight, but not identity |
| Different forms of the same element may have different | mass, called isotopes |
| atomic weight | is the average mass number of isotopes for one element |
| Matter is transformed through | chemical bonding |
| Electrons | the most important particles in allowing atoms to interact so they can attach |
| Elections are found | in energy levels (shells) |
| Atoms are driven to react by a desire to | become more stable |
| Stability | full outer electron shell |
| Nonreactive elements | have full outer shells |
| covalent bonds | atoms that don't have full outer shells may want to share electrons so that they can both have full outer shells |
| Molecules | two or more atoms combined |
| compound | consists of atoms or ions of different elements in definite proportions |
| molecules can be represented in many ways | single bonds and double bonds |
| electronegativity | the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself |
| atoms in a covalently bonded molecule may | share electrons equally, creating a non-polar molecule |
| if electrons are share unequally | a polar molecule is created |
| non-polar | equal electronegativity |
| polar | one atom has greater electronegativity |
| Ions | charged atoms after losing or gaining an electron |
| ionic compounds | ions' electrostatic attraction to each other |
| ionic bonds | if one atom has a much greater electronegativity |
| water in solution | polar covalent bonds in H2O generate partial negative and partial positive charge on opposite sides |
| hydrogen bond | almost always linking hydrogen with either oxygen or nitrogen |
| three dimensional shape | receptors |
| water+salt | solution |
| solute versus | solvent |
| polar with | polar |
| nonpolar with | nonpolar |
| First important property of water | required/ generated by many cellular reactions (breaking down food). |
| Second important property of water | important solvent- hydrogen bonds with polar or charged molecules (NaCl). Forms hydrogen bonds with other molecules. |
| Third important property of water | Solid versus liquid densities, importance marine organism |
| Ice is less dense than | water |
| Molecules in ice are | farther apart than those in liquid water |
| Fourth important property of water | Specific heat: water absorbs and releases heat: hydrogen bonds! |
| fifth important property of water | cohesion and surface tension |
| Sixth important property of water | hydrophobic versus hydrophillic molecules |
| Name a common acid | vinigar |
| Name a common base | lye |
| Definition of an acid | substance that yields hydrogen ions in solution |
| Definitions of a base | substance that accepts hydrogen ions |
| pH scale | logarithmic |
| lower pH | more acidic |
| raise pH | less acidic, more basic or alkaline |
| pH and health | asthma, cardiac arrest, vommiting as a result of acidosis |
| Buffers are | are substances that resist pH change |
| Buffers accept | H+ ions when they are in excess and donate H+ ions when they are depleted |
| Carbon | is the starting point for biological molecules |
| In hydrocarbons | only hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon backbone; these molecules are quite stable |
| functional groups | are atoms or groups of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon backbone |
| Functional groups convey distinct properties such as | solubility and chemical reactivity to complete molecule |
| hydrogen bonds usually forms when | the H is attached to O or N atoms, two of the three most electronegative atoms. |
| Most of the large molecules in living things are macromolecules called | polymers |
| Polymers | are long chains of smaller molecular units called monomers |
| a huge number of different polymers can be made from | small number of monomers |
| cells link monomers to form polymers by | dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
| polymers are broken down to monomers by the revers process (of dehydration synthesis) | hydrolysis |
| Monomers | rings of C,H, and O called monosaccharides |
| Monomers (Glucose) | C6H12O6 |
| Simplest polymer is | di-saccharide |
| How is a di-saccharide formed | Dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
| Simple sugars on food labels are | monosaccharides and disaccharides |
| Condensation reactions can be reversed | Hydrolysis |
| Complex carbohydrates on food labels | long chains of monomers called polysaccharides |
| Starch is the main form of energy storage in | plants |
| Glycogen | primary short-term energy storage in animals, released as glucose into the bloodstream when needed |
| Cellulose | functions to provide structure to plants; indigestible to mammals |
| chitin | functions in external skeleton of arthropods |
| Common characteristics of lipids | composed of C,H, and O, but insoluble in water |
| Major function of lipids | energy storage and insulation, but also function as the outer lining of cells and hormones |
| Glycerides | composed of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Triglycerides | make up 90 percent of lipid in food |
| Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids | saturated with more H, no double bonds |
| Why don't animals use carbohydrates the same way as plants | they are too bulky |
| Steroids: Structure | four carbon rings with various side chains |
| Function of steroids | hormones (chemical messengers) |
| Phospholipid Composition | polar head (phosphate group, two non-polar tails (fatty acids) |
| Phospholipid function | charged phosphate group (hydrophillic) non-charged fatty acids (hydrophobic |
| Phospholipids act as | barriers between cells and organelles |
| Protein's role of an enzyme | quicken chemical reactions |
| Protein's role of hormones | chemical messengers |
| Protein's role of transport | move other molecules |
| Protein's role of contractile | movement |
| Protein's role of protective | Healing; defense against invaders |
| Protein's role of structural | mechanical support |
| Protein's role of storage | stores nutrients |
| Protein's role of toxins | defense, predation |
| Protein's role of communication | cell signaling |
| Each amino acid has specific properties: | solubility and chemical reactivity |
| composition: monomers | amino acids |
| Similarities of amino acids | what all amino acids have in common is an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon |
| Differences of amino acids | side-chains attached to the central carbon. Linkage by condensation (also known as dehydration synthesis) |
| Polymers | polypeptides |
| Function follows | Form |
| First level of protein structure | Primary- unique to every type of protein |
| Second level of protein structure | Secondary- hydrogen bonds in alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| Third level of protein structure | Tertiary- three dimensional shape (folded in upon itself |
| Fourth level of protein structure | Quaternary- two or more polypeptide chains bonded together |
| Lipoproteins LDL | Bad |
| Lipoproteins HDL | Good |
| Nucleic Acids Function | Provides information for structure of proteins DNA, RNA |
| Nucleic Acid composition | Nucleotides: monomers and polymers |
| Nucleotides composed of | phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous base |
| Energy available from sunlight of from food (ATP) | Energy available for cellular work or chemical synthesis (ADP) |
| Virchow's principle | Every form of life is a cell, or is composed of cells, and every cell came from a cell. |
| All cells have | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA). |
| Prokaryotes | "before the nucleus" includes bacteria and archaea |
| DNA in prokaryotes is localized to | a nucleoid region, not in membrane-enclosed compartments called organelles |
| Eukaryotic | "true nucleus" includes all other kingdoms: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. |
| DNA in Eukaryotes is localized to | enclosed in membrane, along with other organelles |
| Respiration | Glucose (C6H12O6)+ 6 oxygen (O2) - 6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + 6 water (H2O) + energy (ATPs) |
| Five main components of eukaryotic cells | Nucleus, Organelles, Cytosol, Cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane |
| The nucleus DNA enclosed in a double-thick membrane (nuclear envelope) begins where | The control center |
| Nucleolus | little nucleus |
| In the nucleus, DNA is | duplicated into DNA for each daughter cell |
| DNA is copied into RNA which can | exit the nucleus (through nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope) and travel to where proteins are made |
| mRNA moves to the | rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae |
| Rough ER is embedded with | Ribosomes |
| RER | site where protein is made from mRNA |
| Ribosomes are made in the | nucleolus |
| What can exist freely in cytosol | ribosomes |
| Membrane of ER buds off to form balls containing proteins called | transport vesicles |
| cell membranes form an | interconnected network (endomembrane system) |
| Transport vesicles fuse with | gogi complex, which modifies, sorts, and ships proteins to their final destination |
| Exocytosis | vesicles fuse with outer cell membrane for final export outside cell |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | site of lipid synthesis and detoxification |
| Lysosomes | cell recycling, break down large molecules from food, defective organelles, or old proteins into their monomers for reuse (link to tay-sachs) |
| Mitochondria | extracting energy from food |
| Endosymbiosis | ancestral host cell- photosynthetic eukaryotic cell |
| The Cytoskeleton | network of protein fibers that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials |
| Microfilaments | (actin and movement): smallest: changes in cell shape |
| Intermediate filaments | (skeleton): stabilize positions of nucleus and other organelles |
| Microtubules | (motors): structural and transport |
| Cilia | Microtubular extensions, move back and forth; movement of cell or movement of material around cell |
| Flagella | microtubular extensions, cell movement |
| Difference between plant and animals in terms of cell wall | Cell wall: functions include structural strength, limit water absorption and loss, and protection |
| Difference between plant and animals in terms of central vacuole | Central vacuole: functions include storing nutrients and water, involved in metabolism, retains and degrades wastes, and some color. |
| Difference between plant and animals in terms of Plastids | Plastids: functions to gather/store nutrients, pigments |
| Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
| Plant cell connections: Plasmodesmata | Channel-like linkage between two plant cells |
| Animal cell connections: Gap junctions | communication channel between adjacent animal cells |
| Diffusion | The dispersion of molecules from a high concentration to evenly/equally distribution in an area |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water differentially permeable membrane |
| Animal Shriveled Cells | Hypersomotic |
| Animal Normal Cells | Isosmotic |
| Animal Cells Swell and eventually burst | Hypoosmotic |
| Plant shriveled cells | cell body shrinks from cell walls |
| Plant normal cells | flaccid cells |
| Plant cells swell | where they usually are- turgid cell |
| Phagocytosis | cell-eating |
| pinocytosis | cell-drinking |
| Receptor Mediatedendocytosis | triggered by a specific receptor |
Created by:
kslack1080
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