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Biotest 10/05
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
| Slide 1 | Slide 2 |
|---|---|
| Overview of Seed Plants | changed the course of plant evolution because they are the most dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems |
| Adaptations of Seed Plants | Reduced Gametophytes, Heterospory, Ovules and Egg Production, Pollen and Production of Sperm, Seeds |
| Ovules and Egg Production | seed plants retain megaspore within parent sporophyte |
| Pollen and Production of Sperm | Microspores develop into pollen grains which can be spread by wind/hitch-hiking, removing the need for water |
| Reduced Gametophytes | mostly microscopic, develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parent gametophyte (provides nutrients and protection) |
| Heterospory | Megasporangia in megasporophylls produce one megaspore. Microsporangia in microsporophylls produce many microspores |
| Advantages of Seeds | zygote grows into a sporophyte embryo, resistance to harsh environments, ability to disperse more widely, will remain dormant until they can germinate |
| Integuments | layers of sporophyte tissue that envelope and protect the megasporangium. Gymnos have 1, angios have 2 |
| Ovule | the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integumenti. a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore |
| Pollination | transfer of pollen to the ovules. pollen grain develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte |
| Micropyle | opening in the integument |
| Pollen Grains | structures containing male gametophytes of seed plants |
| Seed | embryo, food supply, and protective coating derived from integuments. the whole ovule develops into a seed |
| Gymnosperms | "naked seed"; seed doesn't grow in ovary, grows on cones instead |
| Strobili | Seed bearing cone |
| conifers | cone bearing plants |
| Progymnosperms | ancestor to seed plants; seedless wood-producing transitional species |
| Advantage of needle shaped leaves | helped gymno's survive in acrid/dry air during the permian peroid |
| Life cycle of a pine | (look it up) |
| Angiosperms | (Anthophyta) flowering plants, most widespread and diverse variety of plants |
| Flower | angiosperm structure specialized for reproduction (pollination) |
| Sepal (sterile) | green floral organ at the base of the flower, encloses flower before it opens |
| Petals (sterile) | above sepals, usually bright in color for attraction of pollinators (except for wind-pollinated) |
| Stamen | microsporophylls (creating microspores, which create pollen grains) |
| Filament | stalk of the stamen |
| Anther | sac of stamen, pollen production site |
| Carpels | megasporophylls (creating megaspores, which produce ovules) |
| Stigma | tip of carpel, pollen receiving site |
| Style | path to the ovary from stigma |
| Ovary | contains ovules, which develop into seeds |
| receptacle | part of the stem that attaches to floral organs |
| Pistil | another name for carpel or a group of fused carpels |
| Fruit | mature ovary of a flower that protects seeds and aids in dispersal. can be fleshy or dry |
| Pericarp | thickened wall of the fruit. |
| Cross-pollination | transfer of pollen from one plant to another of the same species |
| Double Fertilization | one sperm meets the egg to create a zygote, they other meets the nuclei to form an endosperm nuclei, which multiplies |
| Endosperm | tissue rich in starch and food reserves; the seed's food supply |
| Cotyledons | seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo |
| Embryo Sac | female gametophyte of an angiosperm |
| Micropyle | A pore in the integuments of the ovule |
| Monocots | angiosperm with one cotyledon (parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous roots, 1 opening in pollen, 3x floral organs) |
| Dicots | angiosperms with 2 cotyledons |
| Eudicots | "true dicots" clade of dicots (2 cots, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, taproot, 3 openings in pollen grain, 4/5x floral organs |
| Basal Angiosperms | oldest lineage, water lilies, star anise |
| Magnoliids | between basal and monocots; marigolds, laurels, black pepper |
| Importance of seed plants to human welfare | no group is more important, most food comes from angios, feeds livestock, wood=paper/construction, medicine and other products |
| Complete/Incomplete Flowers | Have all four organs/lack one or more floral organs |
| bilateral/radial symmetry | separated into two parts by an imaginary line/ radiates out from center |
| Superior/inferior ovary | superior- stamens petals and sepals are below ovary; semi-inferior- alongside; inferior; above |
| inflorescence | cluster of flowers |
| Staminate/Carpellate Flowers | only have functional stamens/carpels |
| monoecious/dioecious | species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on the same plant/different plants |
| self-incompatibility | ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and that of close relatives |
| Pin/Thrum Flowers | Pin- stigma is above anthers; thrum- anther is above stigma |
| Seed Coat | hard coat formed by integuments |
| hypocotyl | embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledons and above the radicle |
| Radicle | embryonic root |
| epicotyl | embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledons; consists of shoot tip with pair of miniature leaves |
| Scutellum | specialized type of cotyledon found in the grass family |
| Coleoptile/coleorhiza | Coleoptile- covers the young shoot of a grass seed; colerohiza- covers the young root |
| Simple Fruit | derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels |
| Aggregate fruit | derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel, each forming a small fruit. (raspberry) |
| Multiple fruit | develops from an inflorescence, or cluster of flowers |
| imbibition | uptake of water due to the low water potential of a dry seed |
| vegetative reproduction | asexual reproduction in plants |
| Apomixis | asexual reproduction of seeds |
| fragmentation | separation of parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants (asexual repro.) |
Created by:
jcm1994
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