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bio 122 4
chap 19 respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gas exchange between a living cell and its environment always takes place by _______ | diffusion between a thin moist cell membrane in the lungs |
| what is the mode of transport of carrying gases? | the CV system |
| def of respiration | the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
| what are the events of respiration | movement of air in and out of the lungs (ventilation), exchange of gases between air and lungs, transport of gases by blood, |
| def of ventilation | movement of air in and out of the lungs, commonly called breathing |
| def of external respiration | exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood |
| def of internal respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells |
| def of cellular respiration | oxygen utilization and production of CO2 by body cells |
| the respiratory system is divided into what 2 sections | upper and lower respiratory tract |
| what structures are part of the upper respiratory tract | nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx |
| what structures are part of the lower respiratory tract | larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| what guards the entry of the nose | many internal hairs preventing the entry of large particles |
| where is the nasal cavity located | a hollow space behind the nose |
| def of sinuses | they are air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones. they serve as resonant chambers for voice sound and to reduce the weight of the skull |
| what structure is shared with the digestive system | the pharynx |
| what is the above the trachea | the larynx |
| what is AKA the voice box | the larynx |
| what are the two kinds of vocal cords | false and true |
| what closes with swallowing | the larynx |
| what is known as the windpipe | the trachea |
| what is in front of the esophagus | the trachea |
| the bronchial tree leads from the trachea to where | the alveolar sacs |
| structure of the respiratory tube: what completely surrounds the duct; what happens to this as you get further into the lung | cartilaginous plates ; the plates become smaller and smaller |
| why are there only 2 lobes of the left lung and 2 for the right lung | to make room for the heart |
| nasal cavity: what divides it into R and L | the nasal septum |
| pulmonary ventilation aka | breathing |
| what is the atmospheric pressure at sea level e | 760 mm of mercury |
| nasal cavity: def; def of nasal septum; def of deviated septum | a hollow space behind the nose; the nasal cavity is divided medially into right and left portions by this; the nasal septum bending at birth making breathing difficult |
| nasal cavity: def of nasal conchae; the conchae are divides into what | they are turbinate bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity divided it into passageways; superior, middle, inferior meatusues |
| nasal cavity: the upper portion is slit like and is lined with what; that type of epithelium is here | the olfactory receptors that provide a sense of smell; the mucous membrane is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells |
| nasal cavity: what does the sticky mucous do; what does the cilia of the epithelium do; what do the gastric juices of the stomach do to the particles | secretes entraps dust and other particles entering from the air; as the cilia move any entrapped particles are pushed towards the pharynx and any antrapped particles are swallowed; they destroy the particles |
| sinuses: what bones are they located in; what are they filled with; they open to where and are lined with what | maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid; air filled; open to the nasal cavity and are lined with mucus membrane |
| sinuses: def of sinusitis; sinusitis can block what; they reduce the weight of what | the membranes that become inflamed and swollen b/c of nasal infections or allergic reactions; the drainage increasing pressure causing a headache; the skull |
| pharynx: aka; location; divided into what 3 regions | posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| larynx: def; houses the what; | an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx composed of muscles cartilage bound by elastic tissue; vocal cords |
| larynx: def of thyroid cartilage; thyroid cartilage named after what; aka | shield like structure that protrudes in the front of the neck; thyroid gland that is covers; adams apple |
| vocal folds: def of false vocal folds ; why are they called false; what do the muscle fibers within these folds do | they are the upper folds; they don't produce any sound; they help close the larynx during swallowing |
| vocal folds: def of true vocal folds; how is sound created | the lower folds they contrain elastic fibers and are responsible for vocal sounds; when air is forced between these folds and they generate sound waves |
| vocal folds: how is pitch controlled; how is higher pitch created; how is lower pitch created | the changing tension on the vocal cords by contracting or relaxing laryngeal muscles; increasing the tension; decreasing the tension |
| vocal folds: are the vocal folds relaxed or contracted during normal breathing | relaxed |
| glottis: location | the opening between the vocal folds a triangular slit |
| glottis: what happens to it when food it swallowed | the muscles close the glottis within the false vocal folds, this prevents food from entering the trachea |
| trachea: def; | the flexible cylindrical tube about 2.5 cm it extends downward anterior to the esophagus where it splits in the thorax R and L |
| trachea: what do the cartilage rings do ; what does the soft tissue between the rings allow for | the prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway; allow the posterior esophagus expand as food moves through to the stomach |
| trachea: what can a blocked cause ; what is an external opening known as | asphyxiation in minutes; tracheostomy |
| bronchial tree: consists of what ; where do the branches begin; primary branch to what; | branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic airsacs in the lungs; R and L primary bronchi; secondary bronchi |
| bronchial tree: how many secondary bronchi are there R and L; the secondary bronchi branch to what; | 5 3 on the R and 2 on the L; tertiary |
| bronchial tree: the tertiary bronchi branch to what; | intralobular bronchioles |
| bronchial tree: the intralobular bronchi branch to what | terminal broncials |
| bronchial tree: terminal bronchials branch to what | respiratory bronchioles |
| bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles - why are they called respiratory; they branch to what | b/c a few air sacs bud from there sides; alveolar ducts |
| bronchial tree: alveolar ducts branch to what | alveolar sacs |
| bronchial tree: alveolar sacks- def; they branch to what | thin walled closely packed outpouching of the alveolar ducts; alveoli |
| bronchial tree: alveoli def | are thin walled miscroscopic air sacs that opens to an alveolar sac |
| bronchial tree: name the structures in order from trachea | trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, intralobular bronchi, terminal bronchi, respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
| bronchial tree: what are the C shaped rings of the trachea replaced by when they turn to the primary bronchi | cartilaginous plates and they completely surround the tube |
| bronchial tree: when does the layer of smooth muscle become more prodominent; when does it end | at the bronchiales; only a few muscle fibers in the alveoli |
| bronchial tree: as the tube becomes smaller what changes in the cells that line the tube | from pseudostratisfied ciliated epithelium with goblet cells to simple squamous epithelium closely associated with a dense network of capillaries |
| alveoli: what happens during gas exchange to oxygen; to carbondioxide | oxygen diffuse through the alveolar walls and enters the blood in cappillaries; CO2 diffuses from the blood through these walls and enters the alveoli |
| cystic fibrosus: what happens to airways | airways become clogged with thick sticky mucous which attracts bacteria |
| lungs: def; shape; separated by what; enclosed by what | soft cone shaped; medially by the heart and mediastinum, enclosed by the diaphram and thoracic cage |
| def of artificial respiration: | a person blows into the mouth of a person who stopped breathing |
| def of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | blood is pumped out of the body and across a gas permeable membrane that adds oxygen and removes co2 stimulating lung function |
| lungs: where does the bronchus enter; what serous membrane attaches directly to the lung; what pleura lines the mediastinum; what is the potential space between the pleura called | on the medial surface called the hilumm; visceral pleura; parietal pleura ; the pleural cavity |
| pleural cavity: what is in it; what does the serous fluid do; | a thin film of serous fluid; lubricates the adjacent pleural surfaces and reduces friction |
| lungs: what one is larger ; name the 3 parts of the right lung; name the left lung | the right lung; superior, middle, inferior; superior and inferior |
| breathing is aka ; def of breathing | ventilation; the movement of air from the outside of the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, followed by the reversal of air movement |
| breathing: def of inspiration; def of expiration | inhalation; exhalation |
| def of diaphragm: def; it separates what; what happens to ribs and intercostal muscles when the diaphram flattens; what happens to volume in lungs when diaphram flattens; what happens to atmospheric pressure when the diaphram flattens | diaphram is domed shaped muscle; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen; intercostal muscles lift the ribs up and out ; volume increases; atmospheric pressure decreases causing air to rush in |
| diaphragm: what pleura is attached to it; what happens to water molecules | parietal pleura; water molecules attract each other and the visceral pleura moves out with the parietal pleura |
| surfactant: what is it ; this prevents the air sacs from what; with out the surfactant what could happen to air sacs | the lipoprotein secreted by alveolar cells; collapsing during inhalation; the pleural membranes could collapse the air sacs |
| surfactant: why is this an issue with premies ; what is the syndrome known as | b/c there is too little surfactant produced and the lungs collapse; respiratory distress syndrome |
| inspiration: what is the force that moves air into the lungs | the atmospheric pressure due to the weight of the air |
| what is normal air pressure | 760 mm of mercury |
| why are the lungs subject to air pressure | b/c air pressure is exerted on all surfaces in contact with the air and b/c ppl breathe air |
| ___ and ____ are related in opposite ways | pressure and volume |
| what is intraalveolar pressure | pressure inside the lung and alveolar |
| air pressure: what happens when intra alveolar pressure decreases; this is aka | the outside air will then be pushed into the airways by atmospheric pressure; inspiration |
| the muscle fibers of the diaphragm are stimulated by what | the phrenic nerve |
| do the moist pleural membranes help expand or deflate the lungs | expand |
| def of surface tension; what counteracts this | the attraction of water molecules to each other that makes it difficult to inflate the alveoli; surfactant |
| surfactant reduces the tendency of ____ to collapse | alveoli |
| expiration is caused by what | the elastic recoil of the tissues |
| expiration: what does elastic recoil mean | the diaphragm goes back to the original shape, the intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage goes back to the original shape |
| expiration: does volume increase or decrease; does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease; is the pressure in the pleural cavity reduced | decrease; increase; yes |
| do the tissues expand or relax during insiration | expand |
| expiration: why is it considered passive | b/c the normal resting expiration occurs without the contraction of muscles |
| def of pneumothorax | occurs when the thoracic wall is punctured atmospheric air may enter the pleural cavity and create substantial space the lung in affected side may collapse |
| what is the measurement of air moving in or out the the lungs | spirometry |
| def of respiratory cycle | one inspiration plus following expiration |
| def of tidal volume (TV); the amount | the volume of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle this is resting inpiration; 500 mL |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) def; the amount ; aka | the additional air taken in during forced maximal inpiration, this is a volume in addition to the tidal volume; 3,000 mL; complimented air |
| def expiratory reserve volume (ERV); the amount ; aka | this is during maximal forced expiration of air in addition to the tidal volume forced expiration; 1,100 + 500 tidal; supplemental air |
| def residual volume; amount; why does air remain in lungs at all times | the amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times; 1,200 mL; prevents large fluctuation of 02 and co2 in lungs |
| when can respiratory capacities be calculated | once the respiratory volumes are known |
| respiratory capacities: def of vital capacity; amount | the maximum amount of air exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible this is insiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve; 4600 mL |
| def of inspiratory volume; amount | tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, this is the maximum a person can inhale; 3000 ML |
| def of functional residual capacity; amount | the volume of air that remains after exhalation of tidal air, expiratory reserve + residual volume; 2300 |
| def of total lung capacity; amount | vital capacity + residual volume; 5800 |
| def of anatomic dead space; amount | the air that remains in the passageways and does not enter the alveoli this is not available for gas exchange; 150 mL |
| def of alveolar dead space ; def of physiologic dead space | air sacs in some regions of the lungs are nonfunctioning due to poor blood flow in the adjacent capillaries ; the anatomic and alveolar dead space |
| what is used to measure respiratory volume | spirometry |
| alveolar ventilation: def; calculated by what ; ex | this is the amount of air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange; the physiologic deaf space - tidal volume X breaths per minute; (150-500=350 x 12= 4200 mL/minute |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def ; what are they used for ; they result from what | air movements that occur in addition to breathing ; to clear air passages or to express emotions; reflexes |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def of coughing | involves taking a deep breath closing the glottis and forcing air upward from the lungs against the closure cleans lower passages |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def of a sneeze | similar to a cough, it clears the upper respiratory passages, initiated by a mild irritation in the lining of the nasal passages by depressing the uvula thus closing the opening between the pharynx and oral cavity |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def of laughing ; similar to what | a person takes a breath and releases it in a series of short expirations; crying |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def of a hiccup ; what causes the sound of it ; is theere a function | caused by sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed; air striking the vocal folds causing the sound of the hiccup; unknown |
| nonrespiratory air movements: def of yawning | cause unknown, reason unknwon |
| def of bronchial asmtha | the allergic reaction to foreign antigens in the respiratory tract such as inhaled pollen |
| def of emphysema | a progressive degenerative disease that detroys many alveolar walls , small air sacs merge to larger ones which decrease total surface area |
| why does a person with emphysema find it increasingly difficult to breath | because the loss of tissue elasticity |
| respiratory center: def of medullary rhythmicity area | area made of two parts one for normal breathing and one for forced breathing |
| medullary rhythmicity: def of dorsal respiratory group ; what happens when the impulse is stopped | responsible for normal breathing, stimulates inspiration; inhalation stops |
| medullary rhythmicity: def of ventral respiratory group | controls intercostal and abdominal muscles during forceful breathing |
| pneumotaxic area: sends impulses where ; what happens when the impulses are strong; what happens if the impulses are slow | to the dorsal group to regulate breathing rate; inspiratory bursts are shorter to speed up breathing; breath rate slows |
| central chemoreceptors: located where; respond to change in what; | ventral portion of the medulla oblongata near vagus nerve; in blood pH indirectly |
| central chemoreceptors: do hydrogen ions easily cross the blood brain barrier; what happens when plasma PC02 rises; what happens after CO2 diffuses into the brain; what happens to breathing rate | no; the co2 can easily diffuse into the brain; combines with water in the CSF to form carbonic acid; it increases |
| peripheral chemoreceptors: senses the changes of what; located where; how low does PO2 decrease until it "kicks" in | blood PO2; carotid bodies and aortic bodies located in walls of of carotoid sinus and aortic arch; 50% of normal |
| does oxygen play a major role in respiration | no |
| deoxygenated venous systemic blood still has ____ % oxygen it had when fully oxygenated ; this large amouth of oxygen frees up what | 75% ; respiratory control from paying attention to bloof oxygen levels |
| COPD pt adapt to higher amounts of ____ | co2 |
| inflation reflex: controlled by what; prevents what; this shortens what | the stretch receptors in the visceral pleara, bronchioles and alveoli; overstimulation of the lungs by sending impulses to the phneumotaxic area of the respiratory center ; the insiration time |
| hyperventilation: def; lowers what levels; why should you never do this while swimming | happens by increasing the oxyge concentration level by deep rapid breathing; CO2 and H+ levels; person may lose consciousness while under water |
| alveoli: def | the microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal end of the finest alveolar ducts |
| def of alveolar spores | tiny openings in the walls of some alveoli may permit air to pass from one alveolus to another |
| def of alveolar macrophages | they are in the alveoli and they phagocyte airborne agents |
| diffusion in resp. mem: where does gas exchange occur | in the basement membrane of the simple squamous epithelium in the alveolus |
| diffusion in resp. membrane: molecules diffuse in areas of _____ contration to areas of ____ concetration | high to low; |
| diffusion in resp. mem: def of partial pressure gradiant ; how do gases diffuse; determined by what | the amount of pressure each has exerts on a membrane; molecules of gas diffuse from area of higher partial pressure to area of lower partial pressure ; the amount of gas in a mixture |
| diffusion in resp. mem: def of daltons law | the total pressure on a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressure of individual gases |
| diffusion in resp. mem: why is the net movement of CO2 from the blood to the alveolus; why is the net movement of oxygen to the blood | blood from body to lungs has PO2 of 45 mm and PC02 in alveolus is 40 so co2 goes to alveolus; onxygen has po2 40 in blood and p02 104 in alveolus so movement is to blood |
| why can a breath analysis reveal alcohol in blood | b.c the respiratory membrane is so thin that certain soluble chemicals other than CO2 may diffuse into the alveolar air and be exhaled |
| what happens as the gases enter the blood | they dissolve into the plasma or combine chemically with other atoms |
| oxygen transport: how is it carried in the blood; what are the 2 commonents of hemoglobin | in the bloof bound to the protein hemoglobin; heme and globin; |
| hemeglobin: globin has how many polypeptide chains; each chain is associated with ___ group; each heme group is surrounded by an atom of ___; each iron atom binds loosely to what | 4; heme; an iron atom; 02 molecule |
| hemoglobin: what is the compound called when oxygen combines with it; when CO2 combines with it | oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin |
| ech hemoglobin molecule can combine to ___ oxygen molecules | 4 |
| how is p2 determined ; the more O2 binds to hemoglobin increases or decreases PO2; what is a normal arterial PO2 | by the amount of oxygen that hemoglobin binds; increases; 95 |
| def of adult respiratory ditress syndrome | a special form of atelectasis when alveoli collapse |
| what binds more tightly and readily to hemoglobin than O2 | Carbon monoxide |
| what 3 things increases the amount that of O2 that a\xyhemoglobin releases; this explains what during exercise | concentration of carbon dioxide; acidity; and temp; why more o2 is released from blood during exercise |
| CO2 transport: how many ways can it be carried in the blood ; does it bind to the heme group ; name the 3 ways | 3 , no; dissolved in blood; carried as carboaminohemoglobin; or as part of bicarbonate ion |
| can hemoglobin carry both O2 and CO2 at the same time | yes |
| why does blood flowing through the capillaries gain carbon dioxide | b/c the tissues have high PCO2 |
| the amount of CO2 dissolved inthe plasma is determined by what ; the higher the PCO2 the more what | the partial pressure; the more CO2 will go into the solution |
| co2 binds to what on the hemoglobin; this is called what ; do oxygen and CO2 compete for bonding sites ; is this metod slow or fast for moving hemoglobin out of the blood | the amino groups of it ;carbaminohemoglobin; no; slow |
| what is the most important CO2 transport mechanism | bicorbonate ions |
| CO2 reacts with water to form what; what enzyme speeds up the reaction between CO2 and water ; so CO2 is carried in the blood to the lungs as what | carbonic acid; carbonic anhydrase; HCO3 |
| what happens as the bicarbonate ions leave the RBCs to the chloride ions; this maintains a what ; this is called what | the have a negative charge and are replled so they move to the plasma into RBCs; ionic balance; chloride shift |
| as _______ ions diffuse out of the RBCs _____ ions from plasma diffuse into RBC; this is termed the what; this maintains what balance | bicarbonate; chloride; chloride shift ; electrical balance |
| atmospheric pressure: the outside air has what % of nittrogen; what % of oxygen; what % of co2; what is the atmospheric pressure at sea level (math example: up in mountain atmospheric pressure is 680 mm hg x .21 = 140 mm hg ) | 78%; 21%; .04%; 760 mm hg |
| carbon dioxide reacts very quickly with ____ forming what | water; carbonic acid H2CO3 |
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