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rocks and minerals
Mineralogy geology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| minerals | inorganic crystalline substances found naturally in the earth |
| mineralogy | the branch of geology which concerns itself with the identification and classification of minerals |
| what is the earth's crust composed of? | 47% oxygen,28% silicon,8% aluminum, and 5% iron |
| native elements | substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements |
| halides | consists of compounds of halogens |
| sulfides | minerals that contain sulfur |
| oxides | minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metallic element |
| carbonates | minerals containing the carbonate ion |
| silicates | the largest group which compose over 92% of crust:contains elements silicon and oxygen |
| crystals | geometric structures composed of atoms or molecules arranged in repeating 3-dimensional patterns |
| faces | many flat surfaces |
| axes | imaginary lines in every crystal that run straight through the center |
| isometric | three equal axes at right angles to each other |
| tetragonal | three axes at right angles,but one is longer than the other two |
| orthorhombic | three unequal axes at right angles to each other |
| monoclinic | three unequal axes,two at right angles and the third at some other angle with the two |
| triclinic | three unequal axes,none at right angles with others |
| hexagonal | three unequal axes at 120 angles and a fourth longer than the others and at right angles to them |
| law of inter-facial angles | angles between corresponding faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same |
| color | the color of the sample helps to identify the particular mineral |
| streak plate | a piece of unglazed porcelain where a piece of crystal is scraped to help differentiate minerals |
| streak | a line of powder on a plate which a mineral leaves to figure out the mineral by the color streak |
| luster | the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| hardness | the resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched |
| Mohs scale | scale which measures hardness on a mineral |
| cleavage | tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces |
| specific gravity | number which compares that object's density to the density of water |
| acid test | a way to identify minerals by placing a drop of hydrochloric acid on specimen of mineral |
| special properties | may be used to identify some minerals |
| fluoresce | minerals glow a particular color when exposed to ultraviolet light in darkened room |
| phosphorescent | minerals glow for a while after being exposed to light and placed in the dark |
| Geiger counter | instrument that detects radiation |
| metals | category of elements that are usually silvery,shiny,dense,malleable,ductile and conductors heat and electricity |
| ore | mineral containing valuable metallic element |
| iron has been | fashioned into tools and weapons for thousands of years;strong and abundantly available,iron still most commonly used household and industrial products |
| copper | good conductor of electricity and easy to shape into thinc strands |
| aluminum | most abundant metal in earth's crust extracted from bauxite |
| lead | used radiation shielding,automobile batteries,and small arms ammunition |
| nickel | used stainless steel;electrical heating elements,scientific instruments,and magnets |
| tin | used plate other metals prevent corrosion |
| zinc | also used prevent corrosion well as to make coins |
| uranium | as fuel for nuclear reactors |
| precious metals | valuable metals such as gold and silver prized for durability,rarity, and beauty |
| types of precious metals | gold,silver, and platinum |
| precious stones | beautiful and valuable mineral crystals prized hardness,color, and fire,or dazzling way reflect light |
| diamond | hardest substance known to man |
| ruby | red variety of corundum owes crimson color traces element chromium |
| sapphire | corundum contains traces of iron or titanium instead of chromium which gains distinctive blue |
| emerald | traces of chromium oxide give beryl a deep green color |
| aquamarine | traces of iron oxide give beryl blue-green color |
| semiprecious stones | gems that are not as rare,as durable, or as esteemed as precious stones |
| red spinel | confused with ruby |
| amethyst | form quartz |
| zircon | may be clear,green,yellow,or blue |
| deep blue lapis lazuli | deep blue |
| opal | iridescent |
| turquoise | blue-green |
| chalcedony | multicolored |
| jade | green |
| rock | hard material that composes earth's crust |
| three types of rock | igneous sedimentary metamorphic |
| igneous rocks | rocks that form when magma or molten solidifies |
| texture | look and feel of materials of which they are composed |
| granite | the most common of all the igneous rock which is the coarse-grained rock |
| Gabbro | dense,coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that ranges from dark green to black,consists of feldspar, augite and certain dark minerals |
| rhyolite | coarse grained rock = same composition as granite (quartz,feldspar,mica) finer texture |
| basalt | dense rock commonly forms heavy flows of lava |
| obsidian | smooth-textured rock also known as volcanic glass |
| pumice | porous lightweight rock |
| scoria | volcanic slag |
| sedimentary rocks | rock forms sediments cemented together heat.,pressure,and chemical action |
| mechanical sediment | particles of rock that are mechanically transported and deposited by water,wind,or ice |
| shale | very fine mechanical sediments to produce fine grained sedimentary rock |
| shale often contains | FOSSILS |
| sandstone consists of | grains of sands(quartz) cemented together into rock |
| conglomerate rock | rocks consists smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay |
| breccia | similar rock containing rough angular fragments instead of smooth pebbles |
| chemical sediments | when minerals crystallize and settle out of solution |
| organic sediments | remains of once living plants and animals |
| limestone | one forms organic rock consist of calcium carbonate |
| chalk | type limestone formed skeletons microscopic sea animals |
| coal | useful substance sometimes considered to be organic sedimentary rock is fossil fuel |
| concretions | hard round structures form minerals settle out of water crystallize upon sand grain |
| strata(stratum sing) | consists single bed or layer of rock regardless of thickness |
| law of superposition states | that any undisturbed strata lie in sequence order they laid down |
| metamorphic rock | rock produced when igneous or sedimentary rocks are chemically altered by intense heat and pressure |
| foliated rocks | type metamorphic rock consisting of distinct layers or bands |
| slate | weather resistant waterproof rock produced from shale |
| gneiss | formed from various ingeous or sedimentary rocks |
| schist | abundant metamorphic rock formed from granite or shale |
| phyllite | formed from metamorphosed shale |
| unfoliated rock | type of metamorphic rock that is not characterized by distinct layers |
| marble | rock that forms when limestone or dolomite is hardened by extreme pressure |
| quartzite | metamorphic silicate rock formed from sandstone |
| serpentine | formed from various igneous rocks in presence of superheated water |
Created by:
blinx34212
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