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Vegetables
Ethnobotany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| shoot | stem and leaves |
| node | the part of a stem where one or more leaves are attached |
| internode | the region of a stem between two nodes |
| apical meristems | apex of shoots and roots (primary growth - increases length) |
| cambium | secondary growth (increase in diameter) |
| cork cambium | cork and periderm |
| vascular cambium | xylem and phloem |
| roots | anchor plant in soil, absorb water and dissolved mineral from soil, and part of water transport system (may be enlarged for storage) |
| types of roots | fibrous root and tap root |
| Eudicot root (herbaceous) | vascular cylinder (stele) |
| stele | the central part of the root or stem containing the tissues derived from the procambium |
| secondary growth (wood) | procambium and pericycle produce the vascular cambium (secondary xylem and phloem) and the pericycle produces the cork cambium (cork and phelloderm) |
| stem | supports the plant, transports water and organic materials, can be photosynthetic or be modified for sugar or water storage |
| vascular bundle | xylem is always toward center of stem, ploem to the outside |
| leaves | principle photosynthetic organs, important part of water transport system and are high in dietary fiber (food source) |
| annuals | life cycle (seed to seed) occurs in one growing season, no secondary growth (examples: weeds, wildflowers, garden flowers, and vegetables, beans, corn, impatiens, snapdragon, and mustard |
| biennials | life cycle requires two growing seasons, store carbohydrates in large taproot that can be harvested after one growing season (carrots and beets) |
| perennials | vegetative structures (roots, stem) survive for many years |
| Brassicaceae | mustard family (cabbage and relatives) |
| Asteraceae | daisy family (lettuce and relatives) |
| Apiaceae | celery and relatives |
| Chenopodiaceae | goosefoot family (beets) |
| glucosinolates | mustard oil glycosides (toxic at very high doses, pungent flavor, toxic to insects) |
| Brassica oleracea | cabbage, collard greeens, brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, broccoli, and cauliflower (all varieties of a single species, but selected for different characteristics) |
| Cabbage | annual crop that is a good source of vitamin C and has purple anthocyanins |
| brussels sprouts | annual crop with axillary buds that form lateral "heads," and the internodes on lateral branches do not elongate |
| Brassica campestris | turnip - biennial plant that is harvested after first growing season |
| Lactuca sativa (milk-like sap) (Asteraceae) | heads - internodes do not elongate |
| three classes of lettuce | loose-leaf (leaf lettuce), heading (Iceberg) and Cos - stiff elongate leaves (Romaine) |
| Apium graveolens Apiaceae) | celery - petiole and swollen leaf bases (compound leaf) with stem reduced |
| Daucus carota (Apiaceae) | carrots - tap root with some secondary growth that is biennial, but harvested after first growing season (stores carbohydrates in cortex cells and is a great source of beta-carotene) |
| Vitamin A | fat-soluble and comes from yellow, orange and dark green vegetables and fruit (contain beta carotene = pro-vitamin A) |
| rhodopsin | vision pigment found in cones and rods of the retina |
| rods | stimulated by all light, black and white vision (used in dim light and at night) |
| cones | selectively stimulated by different colors of light, color vision |
| deficiency of vitamin A | causes night blindness and impaired vision |
| Xerophthalmia | irreversible drying and degeneration of cornea (malnourished children in developing nations), blindness |
| Beta vularis (Chenopodiaceae) | beets (Swiss chard - leafy greens and beets - root and stem) |
| betalains | produce red pigments (not anthocyanins) |
| Artichokes (asteraceae-daisy family) | perennial and are cultivated for immature inflorescence (flowering head) - carbohydrates are stored in the tender portion of leafy bracts surrounding the immature flower |
| choke | inedible flowers and bracts |
| hearts | swollen part of stem on which the choke is attached |
| Asparagus (lily family) | perennial - young, unexpanded shoots, stem plus scales (leaves), and older stems develop fernlike branches (cladophylls) |
| Alium sp. | bulbs (onion family) |
| bulb | swollen leaf bases |
| Onion | Allium cepa |
| Garlic | Allium sativum |
| Leeks | Allium porrum |
| Shallots | Allium ascalonicum |
| Chives | Allium schoenoprasum |
| garlic | active ingredient is allicin |
| onion | active ingredient is lacrimatory factor |
| potato | underground storage stem (starch is stored in amyloplasts in parenchyma cells) |
| Sweet potato | Ipomaea batatus (morning glory family) and is an annual crop that is a storage roots (tuberous roots) (produce parenchyma (starch storage cells) in xylem |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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