Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 elements in greatest concentration in living things | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. SPONCH. |
| Atomic Mass | total number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | different types of the same element, number of neutrons changes |
| Atomic Number | number of protons, defines atom |
| Noble gases | column on farthest right. do not create bonds-full outer shell |
| ionic bonds | no sharing of electrons. one atom has a greater electronegativity.strength dependent on environment |
| cation | positive charged ion |
| anion | negative charged ion |
| covalent bonds | shares electrons. |
| molecule | covalent bond, strong and stable |
| compound | 2 or more different atoms having a chemical bond |
| non polar | electronegativity is the same |
| polar | one atom is more electronegative. unequal sharing of electrons results in slight charges on either end of the molecule |
| name negative and positive sides of water molecule | negative= oxygen positive= hydrogen |
| metaphor for hydrogen bonding | "hand-holding" they are not real bonds, but the attraction of one water molecule's positive end to the negative end of another and vice versa |
| examples of hydrogen bonds at work | cohesion(surface tension), adhesion(capillary action) |
| 3 properties of water and importance | high specific heat- climate does not drastically change High heat of vaporization- takes heat from your body for sweat to evaporate density- ice is less dense, important to organisms living in frozen waters, wont crush them and keeps insulated |
| hydrophyllic | water loving. pulls apart polar molecules and ionic compounds. ex. salt an water |
| hydrophobic | water hating. non polar and non ionic repell water. ex.lipids |
| dissociation of water | water coming apart. water turns into OH- ions and H+ ions. |
| acid | majority h+ ions |
| base | majority oh- ions |
| buffer | maintains a constant ph by donating and adding h+ ions |
| ph of blood | 7.4 |
| carbonic acid buffer system | H2C03 <--> H+ + HCO3- |
| teratogen | something that affects DNA in developing fetuses |
| isomer | molecules "unit" |
| hydroxyl | -OH. gives polarity. found in alcohols "-ol" |
| carbonyl | C=O.two types 1)aldehyde- at end 2)ketone- in middle |
| carboxyl | double bonded oxygen and and oh ion. donates h= ion. acts as acid. |
| amino | NH3. picks up H+. acts as base. |
| sulfhydryl | SH. stabilizing protein structure. determines straight or curly hair. |
| phosphate | phosphorus, a double bonded oxygen, and three more oxygens. typically gives negative charge. associated with nucleic acids. |
| methyl | CH3. doesn't change things. acts as good tagger |
| the four biomolecules | proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids. all made up of monomers, organic, molecules, many are polar. |
| dehydration synthesis | making by taking away water. builds polymers, water is waste product. |
| hydrolysis | add water to break bond. addition of water that breaks covalent bonds between monomers. |
| carbohydrates | CH20. contain carbonyl and multiple hydroxyl groups. monomer is called monosaccharide |
| pentoses | 5 carbon sugars. ribose(rna), deoxyribose(dna). |
| hexoses | 6 carbon sugars. glucose(energy, cellular respiration), fructose(fruit sugar), galactose(part of milk sugar, lactose) |
| disaccharides | sucrose (glu+fru), lactose (glu+galac), maltose (glu+glu) |
| enzyme of lactose | lactase, if not broken down by lactase it id metablolized by bacteria creating gas- lactose intolerance. |
| bond between monosaccharides | glycosidic linkage |
| polysaccharides | many monosaccaharides covalently bonded by dehyrdation synthesis |
| energy storage polysaccharides | 1) energy storage polysaccharides- starch is used by plants to store glucose, we can metabolize it though. 2)glycogen- glucose storage for animals. found in liver and muscle cells. (starch is sweet, glucose not) |
| explain the sweetness of a banana | bananas are made of starch but as the starch breaks down into glucose and the banana gets riper,it gets sweeter :) |
| structural polysaccharides | 1) cellulose- polymer of glucose. everyother clucose is upside down-making it undigestable- fiber :) 20 chitin- found in arthropod exoskeleton! and cell walls of fungi! |
| endosymbiosis | protists/bacteria break down cellulose bonds |
| perystalsis | squeezing of intestines controlled by the medulla oblongata |
| lipid characteristics | nonpolar, hydrophobic, hydrocarbon. four groups: fats/oils, phospholipids, waxes, steroids. |
| fats and oils | glcerol(3 carbon alcohol) and 3 fatty acids(hydrocarbon chains ending with carboxyl group)AKA triglycerides. |
| storage of fats vs carbohydrates | carbohydrates 4 Cal/g fats 9 Cal/g <<< more efficient and less bulky then glycogen |
| saturated fats | contain all single bonds. animal source, solid at room temp. |
| unsaturated fats | double bonds, fewer h-atoms. "kinked" hydrocarbon chain, plant source, liquid at room temp |
| phospholipids | 2 fatty acids attached to first two carboxyl groups of glycerol. phosphate group on 3rd carbon. partially polar and non polar, important to cell membrane makeup. |
| waxes | one fatty acid attached to alcohol. very hydrophobic |
| steroids | 4 rings with diff functional groups attached. ex cholesterol- found in all cell mebranes, precursor to sex hormones. |
| amino acid sturcture | amno group, carboxyl group, carbon(alpha carbon), r group(determines wheteher polar, non polar acidic or basic) |
| how many amino acids? | 20. if referred to as essential they can't be made by body and must be in diet |
| bond between amino acids and many acids covaently bonded called.. | peptide bond. polypeptide. |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | coiling of chain due to H-bonds between H+ of amino and OH- of carboxyl. alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| tertiary structure | interactions between r groups. hydrophobic interactions- non polar r groups cluster at core of protein. disulfide bridges- colvalent bonds between sulfhydryl r groups and amino acids. ex. cysteine. |
| van der waals interactions | "the non-polar H-bond". stickness between non polar |
| quaternary structure | formed form interactions between 2 or more polypeptide chains. ex. hemoglobin, collagen, chlorophyll |
| pepsine | stomach enzyme |
| competitive inhibotior | mimics normal substrate |
| non compettitive inhibitor | attaches to another part of the enzyme, chaging the shape of the active site. |
| allosteric regulation | binding of molecule to enzyme that affects function of protein at another site |
| feedback inhibition | as end product is synthesized and accumulates, enzyme is inactivated |
| nucleic acid groups | DNA, RNA, ATP |
| monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| composition of nucleic acids | 1)pentose- deoxyrobose or ribose(rna and atp) 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogen base |
| two types of nitrgen bases | 1) pyrimidine- i 6member ring. ex. cytosine, thymine, and uracil 2) purine- larger 6 member and 5 member ring ex. adenine, guanine |
| saying to remember purine nitrgen bases. | gods and angels are "pure" |
| base Painr og DNA | adenine and thymine cytosine and guanine |
Created by:
bootoo
Popular Biology sets