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F11Hormones
BIO 202 A&P II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tissues that produce hormones | pituitary, thryroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. |
| minor players that also produce hormones | adipose cells, thymus, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart |
| chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them | autocrine |
| locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them | paracrine |
| functions of hormones | reproduction, growth and development, maintenance of electrolytes, water, and nutrient balance in blood, regulation of cell metabolism, mobilization of body defense. |
| two main classes of hormones | amino-acid based (water) and steroids (lipid). |
| amino acid based | amines, thyroxine, peptides, and proteins |
| steroids | synthesized from cholesterol, and gonadal and adrenocortical hormones (reproduction) |
| cell specific hormones wont react without what? | a receptor in order to respond |
| how does a water soluble hormones work? | 1. cannot enter the target cells 2. act on plasma membrane receptors 3. coupled by g-proteins to intracellular second messengers that mediate the target cells response |
| how does a lipid-soluble hormone work | act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes (to produce: RNA & DNA, divide, proteins, and enzymes) |
| phosphate group that plugs it to proteins to change shape | kinase |
| cAMP signaling mechanism (water solube) | 1. hormone binds to receptor 2. receptor activates G protein (change shape) 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger) 5. cAMP activates protein kinases |
| PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism | intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator. G-protein activates phospholipase C enzyme. |
| phospholipase splits membrane phospholipid PIP2 into 2 second messengers.. | DAG and IP3 |
| activate protein kinases | DAG and PIP2 |
| triggers release of calcium | IP3 |
| hormones involved with PIP2 mechanism | TRH, ADH, GnRH, oxytocin, epinephrine |
| steroid hormones and thyroid hormone activation | 1. diffuse into the cell and bind with intracellular receptors 2. receptor-hormone enters the nucleus (protein-synthesis) 3. DNA>RNA>mRNA >protein synthesis |
| target cell activation depends on three factors | 1. blood levels of the hormone 2. relative number of receptors on or in the target cell 3.affinity of binding between receptor and hormone |
| target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone | up-regulation |
| target cells that lose receptors in response to the hormone | down-regulation |
| circulate with a plasma protein | steroids and thyroid hormone |
| concentration of a circulating hormone reflects | rate of release and speed of inactivation and removal from the body |
| hormones are removed from the blood by.. | degrading enzymes, kidneys, liver, half-life |
| one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present | permissive |
| two or more hormones produce more than an additive effect on a target cell | synergism |
| one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone | antagonism |
| some internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion. as hormone levels increase, they cause target organs effects, which inhibits further hormone release | negative feedback system |
| changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones | humoral stimuli |
| nerve fibers stimulate hormone release | neural stimuli |
| hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones | hormonal stimuli |
| nerve track, hormone storage, releases neurohormones received ready-made from the hypothalamus. oxytocin and ADH | posterior pituitary |
| manufactures and releases hormones, glandular tissue | anterior pituitary |
| GH | Growth hormone (ant. pit) |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin(ant. pit) tropic |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ant. pit) tropic |
| FSH | follicle stimulating hormone (ant. pit) tropic |
| LH | luteinizing hormone (ant. pit) tropic |
| PRL | prolactin (ant. pit) |
| anterior pituitary hormones | all are proteins, all except GH activate cAMP second messenger systems, |
| support and enhance other hormones | tropic |
| stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors | GH |
| mobilizes fats, elevates blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake and encouraging glycogen breakdown (anti-insulin) | GH |
| stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid | TSH |
| inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on the pituitary and hypothalamus | hypothalamus > TRH> ant. pit. >TSH> thyroid gland> thyroid hormones> target cells (controlling metabolic rate) |
| triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in a daily rhythm arousing the body to wake up | ACTH |
| internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors can alter the release of CRH | ACTH |
| stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production | FSH |
| promotes production of gonadal hormones | LH |
| contains axons of hypothalamic neurons, stores ADH and oxytocin that are released by nerve impulses | posterior pituitary |
| huge urine output and intense thirst. watch out for dehydration | ADH deficiency |
| after neurosurgery, trauma, secreted by cancer cells, fluid restriction | ADH hypersecretion |
| thyroglobulin + iodine, fills the lumen of the follicles | colloid |
| parafollicular cells produce the hormone | calcitonin |
| T4 (thyroxine) 2 tyrosines + 4 bound iodine atoms important for Basal metabolic rate ratio of both for thyroid function | T3 (triiodothyronine)2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms. important for Basal metabolic rate ratio of both for thyroid function |
| maintaining bp, regulate tissue growth, development of skeletal and nervous system, reproductive capabilities | thyroid hormone |
| Calcium homeostasis for tx of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting | PTH |
| calcium target organs | skeleton, kidneys, intestine |
| required for absorption of calcium | vitamin d |
| stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix | parathyroid hormone |
| enhances reabsorption of cal and secretion of phosphate by the kidneys | parathyroid hormone |
| promotes activation of vitamin d (kidneys) increases cal absorption by intestinal muscosa | parathyroid hormone |
| negative feedback of the parathyroid | rising blood cal inhibits release |
| nervous tissue, part of the sympathetic nervous system with epinephrine and norepinephrine | adrenal medulla |
| 3 layers of grandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids | adrenal cortex |
| zona glomerulosa-mineralcorticoids zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids zona reticularis-gonadocorticoids | steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| help control the balance of minerals and H2O in blood Na and K | zona glomerulosa-mineralcorticoids |
| metabolic hormones called glucocorticoids | zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids |
| small amounts of adrenal sex hormones | zona reticularis-gonadocorticoids |
| stimulates Na reabsorption and water retention in kidneys | aldosterone |
| help resist stress, keep blood sugars contanst, maintain bp by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors, helps cope with stress like hemorrhages, infection, phys/emo trauma, increase output of glucose. makes fuel available | glucorticoids |
| released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating, activity, stress, mobilizes fuel energy | cortisol |
| depressed cartilage and bone formation, inhibits inflammation, depresses immune system, changes in cvs, neural, and gi function | hypersecretion-cushing's syndrome |
| decrease in glucose and Na levels, weight loss, severe dehydration and hypotension | hyposecretion - addison's disease |
| stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to sketetal muscles and the heart | epinephrine (adrenal medulla) |
| influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure | norepinphrine (adrenal medulla) |
| timing of sexual maturation and puberty, day/night cycles | melatonin |
| secrete melatonin derived from serotonin | pineal gland |
| produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) | alpha cells |
| produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone) | beta cells |
| organ that is both exocrine and endocrine | pancreas |
| inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis | insulin |
| enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells | insulin |
| insulin action on cells | energy needs are met first, followed by glycogen formation, finally if excess glucose is still available, it is converted to fat. |
| stimulates release of HCl in stomach | gastrin |
| stimulates liver and pancreas | secretin |
| signals production of red blood cells | erythropoietin (kidneys) |
| stimulates pancreatic beta cells to divide and secrete more insulin and improves glucose handling and reduces body fat | osteocalcin |
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portugueseness
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